http://www.alsenosy.com | http://www.professionalengineers.uso Crashing.Atechniqueusedtoshortenthescheduledurationfortheleastincremental costby
adding resources. Examples of crashing include approving overtime, bringing in additional
resources, orpayingtoexpeditedeliverytoactivitiesonthecriticalpath.Crashingworksonlyfor
activitieson thecriticalpath whereadditionalresources willshorten theactivity'sduration.
Crashingdoesnot alwaysproduceaviablealternativeandmayresultinincreasedriskand/or
cost.
82 .Answer:B.
PMBOK®Guide,page 215 ,Section 6. 5. 2. 6
ScheduleCompression
Schedulecompressiontechniquesareusedtoshortenoracceleratethescheduledurationwithout
reducingtheprojectscopeinordertomeetscheduleconstraints,imposeddates,orotherschedule
objectives.Ahelpfultechniqueisthenegativefloatanalysis.Thecriticalpathistheonewiththe least
float. Due toviolating a constraintor imposed date,the total floatcan becomenegative.Two
approachesarecrashingandfasttracking:
o Fasttracking.Aschedulecompressiontechniqueinwhichactivitiesorphasesnormallydonein
sequence are performedin parallel for at least a portion of their duration. An example is
constructingthefoundationforabuildingbeforecompletingallofthearchitecturaldrawings.Fast
trackingmayresultinreworkandincreasedrisk.Fasttrackingonlyworkswhenactivitiescanbe
overlappedtoshortentheprojectdurationonthecriticalpath.Usingleadsincaseofschedule
accelerationusuallyincreasescoordinationeffortsbetweentheactivitiesconcernedandincreases
qualityrisk.Fasttrackingmayalsoincreaseprojectcosts.
83 .Answer:C.
PMBOK®Guide,pages 191 – 192 ,Section 6. 3. 2. 2
DependencyDeterminationand Integration
Dependenciesmaybecharacterizedbythefollowingattributes:mandatoryordiscretionary,internal
orexternal(asdescribedbelow).Dependencyhasfourattributes,buttwocanbeapplicableatthe
same time in the following ways: mandatory external dependencies, mandatory internal
dependencies,discretionaryexternaldependencies,ordiscretionaryinternaldependencies.
o Mandatorydependencies.Mandatory dependencies are thosethatarelegally orcontractually
requiredorinherentinthenatureofthework.Mandatorydependenciesofteninvolvephysical
limitations,suchasonaconstructionproject,whereitisimpossibletoerectthesuperstructure
untilafterthefoundationhasbeenbuilt,oronanelectronicsproject,whereaprototypehastobe
built beforeitcanbetested.Mandatorydependenciesaresometimesreferredtoashardlogicor
hard dependencies.Technicaldependenciesmaynotbemandatory.Theprojectteamdetermines
which dependenciesaremandatoryduringtheprocessofsequencingtheactivities.Mandatory
dependenciesshouldnotbeconfusedwithassigningscheduleconstraintsintheschedulingtool.
o Discretionarydependencies.Discretionarydependenciesaresometimesreferredtoaspreferred
logic, preferential logic, or soft logic. Discretionary dependencies are established based on
knowledgeofbestpracticeswithinaparticularapplicationareaorsomeunusualaspectofthe
project wherea specific sequence is desired, even though there may be other acceptable
sequences. Forexample,generallyacceptedbestpracticesrecommendthatduringconstruction,
theelectrical workshouldstartafterfinishingtheplumbingwork.Thisorderisnotmandatory
andbothactivities