Scientific American - February 2019

ADVANCES

10 Scientific American, February 2019

K & K AMMAN

Getty Images

Illustrations by Thomas Fuchs

îxD­ ̧…ßxäxDßšxßä§xlUā7³žþxßäžîā ̧…lž³UøߐšÇߞ­Dî ̧§ ̧žäîßxÿ §îäšø§
D­DääxlDÔøDßîxߝx³îøßā ̧…šž­ÇÇxß-
ä ̧³D§žîāäøßþxāäÍ …îxßÇDä䞳lDîD…ß ̧­
538 individual chimpanzees through a sta-
îžäîžD§­ ̧lx§j §îäšø§D³lšžäîxD­… ̧ø³l
that chimpanzee personality can be
ßxløxlî ̧îšxäD­x‰þxîßDžîäDÇǧžxlî ̧ šø­D³äǧøäDäžĀ³ ̧ÿ³Däl ̧­ž- ³D³xjÿšžšßx‹xîäîšxDÇxäÜÙ̧­Çxîž- îžþxÇß ̧ÿxääZD³l[ä ̧žD§̧­Çxîx³xjÚ
îšxāÿߞîxÍ5šxßxäø§îäÿxßxÇøU§žäšxl
online last October in eLife.
5šDîšž­ÇD³ąxxäD³lšø­D³äšDþx 䞭ž§DßÇxßä ̧³D§žîāÇß ̧‰§xä­D¦xää ̧­x äx³äxjžþx³îšDîîšxîÿ ̧äÇxžxäDßxä ̧
§ ̧äx§āßx§DîxlÍ øîÿšDîDU ̧øî ̧øß­ ̧ßx distant cousins? Primatologist Yulán Úbeda ̧… îšx7³žþxßäžîā ̧…žß ̧³D ž³DîD§ ̧³žDÿDä ßxx³î§āUøäāÇßxÇDߞ³D§xîøßx… ̧ßäîD†xßä Dîîšx" ̧ß ̧0DßÔøxą ̧ ̧ž³îšxD³Dßā ä§D³läÍ3šxlxžlxlî ̧äxxž…D³āÇxßä ̧³D§žîā
ßxäxDßššDlUxx³ ̧³løîxlÿžîš¦ž§§xß ÿšD§xäj ̧³x ̧…îšxą ̧ ̧Üä­Dž³DîîßDîž ̧³äÍ
Ù% ̧î ̧³§āÿxßxîšxßx³ ̧äîølžxä ̧…Çxßä ̧³D§-
žîāž³¦ž§§xßÿšD§xäjÚUøîîšx ̧³§āäøšxîD-
xD³äîølžxääšx ̧ø§l‰³lÿxßx§ž­žîxlî ̧
bottlenose dolphins, she says—and these
lžl³ ̧îøžąxäîDîžäîžD§îxš³žÔøxäî ̧ßxlø`x

those personality metrics to a

šD³l…ø§ ̧……D`î ̧ßäÍ8UxlDDä¦xl

trainers and researchers caring

… ̧ßö¦ž§§xßÿšD§xäDîîšßxx…D`ž§-

žîžxäž³3ÇDž³D³lîšx7Í3Íî ̧

complete a survey originally

designed to assess chimpanzee

personality (though not the

äD­xäøßþxā§îä`šø§øäxlÊÍ

!ž§§xßÿšD§xÇxßä ̧³D§žîžxä

`§øäîxßž³î ̧… ̧øßîßDžîäjD`` ̧ßl-

ž³î ̧8UxlDÜääîølājÿšž`š

ÿDäÇøU§žäšxl§Däî% ̧þx­Uxß

in the Journal of Comparative Psychology.

5šx‰ßäîîšßxxDßxxĀîßDþxßäž ̧³jl ̧­ž-

³D³`xD³l`Dßx…ø§³xääçîšx… ̧øßîš`D³Ux

îš ̧øšî ̧…DäD` ̧­Už³Dîž ̧³ ̧…` ̧³ä`žx³-

tiousness and agreeableness. When Úbe-

lD` ̧­ÇDßxlîšxäx‰³lž³äÿžîšîšx

ßxäø§îä ̧…šxß ̧ÿ³xDߧžxßßxäxDß`šÿžîš

`šž­ÇD³ąxxäjäšx… ̧ø³lîšDîîšxÇxßä ̧³D§ž-

îāäîßø`îøßxä ̧…îšxîÿ ̧äÇx`žxäÿxßxÔøžîx

similar (even though chimpanzee person-

D§žîāšDääžĀ…D`î ̧ßäßDîšxßîšD³… ̧øßÊÍ

žþx³îšxlž†xßx³`xäž³U ̧îššDUžîDî

and neuroanatomy, not to mention the

́­ž§§ž ̧³āxDßäîšDîšDþxÇDääxl䞳`x

`šž­ÇäD³lÿšD§xääšDßxlD` ̧­­ ̧³

ancestor, Úbeda says she had not expect-

xlîšxîÿ ̧D³ž­D§äÜÇxßä ̧³D§žîāîßDžîäî ̧

D§ž³ä ̧ÿx§§ÿžîšxD`š ̧îšxß ̧ßÿžîš

îš ̧äx ̧…šø­D³äÍ3§jÙîšxßxÜää ̧­x³

about their social environment that has

`ßxDîxlä䞭ž§Dߞîāž³Çxßä ̧³D§žîājÚäDāä

øäßxjäx³ž ̧ßßxäxDß`šDää ̧`žDîxDî

îšx ̧§Çšž³ ̧­­ø³ž`Dîž ̧³0ß ̧¥x`îjÿš ̧

ÿDä³ ̧îž³þ ̧§þxlž³îšxäîølāͳlxxljšx

xĀǧDž³äj`šž­ÇäD³l¦ž§§xßÿšD§xäDßxU ̧îš

¦³ ̧ÿ³… ̧ß` ̧­Ç§xĀ` ̧³žîž ̧³j§DߐxUßDž³ä

relative to body size, and cultural learn-

ž³D§ä ̧…xDîøßxä ̧… ̧øß ̧ÿ³äÇx`žxä

D³lšDþx䞭ž§Dßä ̧`žxîD§äîßø`îøßxäDäÿx§§Í

7³lxßäîD³lž³Çxßä ̧³D§žîāžä³ ̧î¥øäî

an intellectual exercise. For humans there

žäDÿx§§xäîDU§žäšxl§ž³¦Uxîÿxx³Çxßä ̧³-

BIOCHEMISTRY

Urine Trouble

5xä… ̧ßD†xž³xž³Çxx ̧ø§l

šx§Çlxîxî ̧ø³îx߅xžîäD­Ç§xä

In a disturbing trend, scam artists are
ø䞳̧­­xßžD§§āä ̧§l…D¦xøߞ³xî ̧… ̧ ̧§
doctors into prescribing pain medications
äøšDäšālß ̧ ̧l ̧³xÿšžšD³îšx³Ux
̧³äø­xl ̧ßž§§xD§§āä ̧§lÍ5šxäā³îšxîž
pee lets patients pass tests intended to
ensure they are not already taking opioid
­xlžDîž ̧³ä ̧ßlßøä ̧…DUøäxÍ0Dîߞ¦!ā§xj
lžßxî ̧ß ̧…§ž³žD§šx­žäîßāD³lî ̧Āž̧§ ̧- āDîîšx7³žþxßäžîā ̧…$žääžääžÇǞ$xlžD§
Center, says that “packaging materials and
̧³îDž³xßä… ̧ßä ̧­x ̧…îšxäxÇß ̧løîäDßx
Uxž³§x…îž³îšxßxäîß ̧ ̧­äÚDîšžäš ̧äǞîD§Í
Hoping to address the situation, Kyle and
šžäÇDîš ̧§ ̧žäî̧§§xDøx Däÿž³lxß!Døß šDþx³ ̧ÿäš ̧ÿ³š ̧ÿ§xD§ž³lø§x³xä
ž³§ølž³š ̧̧§Dîxj ̧†xxD³lžDßxîîxä D³šx§ÇlžäøžäšßxD§Çxx…ß ̧­…D¦xÍ

0DäîDÇÇß ̧D`šxäî ̧äÇ ̧î…D¦xäÇx`ž-

mens have included testing urine’s acidity

and density and assessing concentration

̧…D­xîDU ̧§ž`ÿDäîxäøUäîD³`x`D§§xl

creatinine. But some synthetic products

³ ̧ÿÇDääîšxäxxþD§øDîž ̧³äj!ā§xäDāäÍ

5šx³xÿ­xîš ̧ljlxä`ߞUxlDîîšx

D³³øD§3 ̧`žxîā ̧… ̧ßx³äž`5 ̧Āž` ̧§ ̧žäîä

É3'5Ê­xx§Däî'`î ̧Uxßž³$ž³³xDÇ-

̧§žäj§ ̧ ̧¦ä… ̧ß… ̧øßäøUäîD³`xä` ̧­­ ̧³ž³

øߞ³xi`D†xž³xD³lîšx ̧Uß ̧­ž³xjU ̧îš

… ̧ø³lž³`š ̧` ̧§DîxjîxDD³l` ̧†xxç` ̧îž-

³ž³xjÇß ̧lø`xlD䳞` ̧xUßxD¦äl ̧ÿ³ç

and urobilin—degraded hemoglobin that

žþxäøߞ³xžîäāx§§ ̧ÿ` ̧§ ̧ßÍ5šxîx`š³žÔøx

x­Ç§ ̧ā䧞Ôøžl`šß ̧­Dî ̧ßDǚāî ̧äxÇD-

ßDîxøߞ³xj¥øäîDäÿDîxßäǞ§§xl ̧³ÇDÇxß

äxÇDßDîxäž³¦ž³î ̧lž†xßx³î` ̧§ ̧ßäÍ5šx

` ̧­Ç ̧ø³läîšx³‹ ̧ÿž³î ̧­DäääÇx`îß ̧­-

xîxßäîšDîžlx³îž…āîšx­Uāîšxžß

­ ̧§x`ø§DßÿxžšîäÍ

5šxä`žx³îžäîääîølžxlîšxþDߞ ̧øä

äøUäîD³`xäž³… ̧øßlž†xßx³îß ̧øÇäÍ'³x

ß ̧øÇ ̧…¿ććøߞ³xäD­Ç§xä`D­x…ß ̧­

Çx ̧ǧxÿš ̧šDlUxx³ ̧UäxßþxlÇß ̧þžlž³

îšx­Íäx` ̧³läxî ̧…¿ćć`D­x…ß ̧­ž³lž-

þžløD§ääxx¦ž³ÇDž³­xlž`Dîž ̧³jÿš ̧ÿxßx

³ ̧î ̧UäxßþxlÍßl`D­x…ß ̧­öćć

ø³ ̧Uäxßþxl¥ ̧UDÇǧž`D³îäÍ³lîšx‰³D§

ß ̧øÇ` ̧³äžäîxl ̧…¿ćäD­Ç§xä ̧…` ̧­­xß-

cially available synthetic urine. All samples

Çß ̧þžlxlUā ̧Uäxßþxlž³lžþžløD§äÿxßx

Ç ̧äžîžþx… ̧ßDî§xDäî ̧³x ̧…îšx… ̧øßîxäî

äøUäîD³`xäçîšßxx…ß ̧­îšxÇDž³­xlž`D-

šž­ÇääšDßxšø­D³äÜÙUž‰þxÚ

personality traits, plus a sixth.

© 2019 Scientific American