Human Anatomy Vol 1

THORAX

Development

position

Nerve supply

Sensitivity

Blood supply

Lymph drainage

Splanchopleuric mesoderm

Lines surface of lung including

the fissures

Sympathetic nerues from T2-T5 ganglia

Parasympathetic lrom vagus nerve

lnsensitive to pain

Bronchial vessels

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

Somatopleuric mesoderm

Lines thoracic wall, mediastinum

and diaphragm

Thoracic nerves and

phrenic nerves

Sensitive to pain which may be

referred.

lntercostal and

pericardiacophrenic vessels

lntercostal lymph nodes

upwards with a point rising 2.5 cm above the medial

one-third of the clavicle (see Fig.2L.2).

T}ae anterior border of the right aisceral pleura

corresponds very closely to the anterior margin or

costomediastinal line of the pleura and is obtained by

joining:

. A point at the sternoclavicular joint,
. A point in the median plane at the sternal angle,
. A point in the median plane just above the
xiphisternal joint.
The anterior border of the left oisceral pleura corresponds
to the anterior margin of the pleura up to the level of
the fourth costal cartilage.
In the lower part, it presents a cardiac notch of
variable size. From the level of the fourth costal
cartilage, it passes laterally for 3.5 cm from the sternal
margin, and then curves downwards and medially to
reach the sixth costal cartilage 4 cm from the median
plane. In the region of the cardiac notch, the peri-
cardium is covered only by a double layer of pleura.
The area of the cardiac notch is dull on percussion and
is called the area of superficial cardiac dullness (Fig. 15.5).
The lower border of each visceral pleura lies two ribs
higher than the parietal pleural reflection. It crosses the
sixth rib in the midclavicular line, the eighth rib in the
midaxillary line, the tenth rib at the lateral border of
the erector spinae, and ends^2 cm lateral to the tenth
thoracic spine.

Poilelol Pleuro

The parietal pleura is thicker than

pleura, and is subdivided into the

parts.

1 Costal

2 Diaphragmatic

3 Mediastinal

the pulmonary

following four

4 Cervical (Figs 15.3 and 15.4)

The costal pleura lines the thoracic wall which

comprises ribs and intercostal sPaces to which it is

Fig. 15.3: The parietal pleura. The lung represented on the right

is the early stage

Cervical pleura First rib

Costal pleura

Diaphragmatic

pleura

Fig. 15.4: The parietal pleura as a half cone

loosely attached by alayer of areolar tissue called the

endothoracic fascia.

The mediastinal pleur a lines the corresponding surface

of the mediastinum. It is reflected over the root of the

lung and becomes continuous with the pulmonary

pleura around the hilum.

Cervical

pleura

Costal

pleura

Pleural cavity

with fluid

Diaphragmatic

pleura

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Parietal

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