Human Anatomy Vol 1

UPPER LIMB

Humerus upper end

Humerus lower end

Radius upper end

Badius lower end

Ulna upper end

Capsular attachment (CAr)

Laterally to the anatomical neck,

medially (^2) cm below the shaft
Follows the margins of radial
and coronoid fossae and the
olecranon fossa
Both epicondyles are extracapsular
Attached to the neck of the radius
Close to the articular margin all
around
Near the adicular surface of ulna
Epiphysealline (EL)
At the lowest part of articular
surface of the head
A horizontal line at the level ol
lateral epicondyle. Medial
epicondyle owns a separate
epiphyseal line
The head forms the epiphysis
Horizontal line at the level of
the upper part of ulnar notch
Scale-like epiphysis on the
upper surface of olecranon
Metaphysis
Metaphysis is partly
intracapsular
Metaphysis is partly
intracapsular
Metaphysis is
intracapsular
Metaphysis is completely
extracapsular
Metaphysis and part of
diaphysis is related to
capsular line.
The epiphysis is
extracapsular
Metaphysis is partly
intracapsular
Horizontal line at the level of
articulating surface of radius
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E
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Ulna lower end Around the head of ulna
Side Determinolion
GemerolPolnfs
1 The proximal row is convex proximally, and concave
distally.
2 The distal row is convex proximally and flat distally.
3 Each bone has 6 surfaces.
i. The palmar and dorsal surfaces are nonarticular,
except for the triquetral and pisiform.
ii. The lateral surfaces of the two lateral bones
(scaphoid arid trapezium) are nonarticular.
iii. The medial surfaces of the three medial bones
(triquetral, pisiform and hamate) are nonarticular.
4 The dorsal nonarticular surface is always larger than
the palmar nonarticular surface, except for the lunate,
in which the palmar surface is larger than the dorsal.
The general points help in identifying the proximal,
distal, palmar and dorsal surfaces in most of the bones.
The side can be finally determined with the help of the
specific points.
Spec Poinfs
1 The scaphoid: The tubercle is directed laterally,
forward and downwards.
The lunate
i. A small semilunar articular surface for the
scaphoid is on the lateral side.
ii. A quadrilateral articular surface for the triquetral
is on the medial side.
The triquetral
i. The oval facet for the pisiform lies on the distal
part of the palmar surface.
ii. The medial and dorsal surfaces are continuous
and nonarticular.
The pisiform
i. The oval facet for the triquetral lies on the
proximal part of the dorsal surface.
ii. The lateral surface is grooved by the ulnar nerve.
The trapezium
i. The palmar surface has a vertical groove for the
tendon of the flexor carpi radialis.
ii. The groove is limited laterally by the crest of the
trapezium.
iii. The distal surface bears a sellar concavo-convex
articular surface for the base of the first
metacarpal bone.
The trapezoid
i. The distal articular surface is bigger than the
proximal.