THORAX- Mediastinum
a. Anterior mediastinum i. Trachea
b. Middle mediastinum ii. Azygos vein
c. Posterior mediastinum iii. Heart
d. Superior mediastinum iv. Sterno-
pericardial
ligaments
B. For eoch of the incomplele slotements or
questions below, one or more onswers given is/
ore corect. Select
A. If only a, b and c are correct
B. If only a and c are correct
C. If only b and d are correct
D. If only d is correct
E. If all are correct
L. The apex of the heart:
a. Is formed only by left ventricle
b. Is situated in the left sth intercostal space
c. Is just medial to midclavicular line
d. Is directed downwards, backwards and to the
left- The aortic opening in the diaphragm:
a. Lies at the lowerborder of L2th thoracic vertebra
b. Transmits aorta, thoracic duct and azygos vein
c. Lies in the central tendinous part of the
diaphragm
d. Is quadrangular in shape
The trachea:
a. Extends in cadaver from C5 to T4.
b. Deviates to the right at its termination
c. Is lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
d. Is seen as a vertical radiopaque shadow in
radiograph.
Thoracic duct:
a. Begins at the lower border of Ll
b. Is the upward continuation of cisterna chyli
c. Enters the thorax through vena caval opening
in the diaphragm
d. Ends by opening at the junction of left
subclavian and left internal jugular veins
Bronchopulmonary segment:
a. Is aeratedby a segmental bronchus
b. Is pyramidal in shape with its base directed
towards periphery
c. Is an independent respiratory unit
d. Is supplied by its own separate branch of
pulmonary artery and vein
Visceral pleura:
a. Is pain insensitive
b. Develops from splanchnopleuric mesoderm
c. Covers all the surfaces of the lung including
fissures but not the hilum
d. Is innervated by autonomic nerves3.4.5.6.FURTHER READING
' Anderson RH, Ho SY, Becker AE. The surgical anatomy of the conduction tissues. Thorax 1983; 38: 408-20.
' Armstrong P. The normal chest. In: Armstrong P, Wilson AG, Dee P, Hansell DM (eds) lmages of the Diseases of the Chest.
tondon: Mosby: 2000; 12-42.
. Celli B. The diaphragm and respiratory muscles. Chest Surg Clin N Am 7998;8:207-24.
' Kumar H, Rath G, Kowle M and Vidya Ram. Bilateral sternalis with unusual left-sided presentation: A clinical perspective.
Y onsei Medical I ournal (^2003) ; 44: 719-722.
' Kurihara Y, Yakushiji, Matsumoto J, Ishikawa T, Hirata K. The ribs: anatomic and radiologic considerations: Radiographics
1999;19:705-19.
o Mizeres N]. The cardiac plexus in man. Am I Anat 1963;772:747-57.
o Peterson WG. The normal antireflux mechanism. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2007;71,:473-83.
' Rajanna M]. Anatomical and surgical considerations of the phrenic and accessory phrenic nerves. I Inter Cott Surg 1947;
60:42-52.