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Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

(mdmrcog) #1 
The Reproductive^

System

xiv-


The External Anatomy

of the Kidneys.................... 436 The Internal


  • CHAPTER

  • CHAPTER

    • Introduction.

    • History of the Cell Theory

    • Anatomy of a Typical Eukaryotic Cell.

      • The Cell Membrane.

      • Cytoplasm of the Cell..

      • The Nucleus.

        • Nuclear Membrane.

        • Nucleoplasm.

        • Chromatin.

        • Nucleolus.



      • The Mitochondria.

      • Lysosomes..

      • Endoplasmic Reticulum

        • The Rough or Granular ER

        • The Agranular or Smooth ER.



      • The Golgi Apparatus

      • Ribosomes..

        • Protein Synthesis



      • Centrioles

      • Cilia and Flagella..

      • Plastids of Plant Cells..

        • The Cell Wall of Plant Cells.





    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: Cell Structure.

    • Introduction to Cellular Metabolism.

    • Cellular Metabolism or Biochemical Respiration

      • Glycolysis.

      • The Krebs Citric Acid Cycle

      • The Electron Transport (Transfer) System..

        • the Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport.. Summary of ATP Production during Glycolysis,





    • Anaerobic Respiration.

      • Fermentation.

      • Anaerobic Production of ATP by Muscles.



    • Production of ATP from General Food Compounds.

      • Molecule. Summary of ATP Production from One Glucose



    • Introduction to Cellular Reproduction.

    • The Structure of the DNA Molecule.

      • The History of the Discovery of DNA.

      • The Anatomy of the DNA Molecule





  • CHAPTER

    • The Cell Cycle. Tissues

      • Interphase

      • Mitosis

        • Prophase.

        • Metaphase.

        • Anaphase.

        • Telophase.



      • Cytokinesis.



    • Meiosis: A Reduction Division.

      • The Stages of Meiosis..

        • Prophase I

        • Metaphase I

        • Anaphase I

        • Telophase I

        • Prophase II.

        • Metaphase II.

        • Anaphase II.

        • Telophase II.





    • Gametogenesis: The Formation of the Sex Cells.

    • A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: Cellular Metabolism

    • Laboratory Exercise: Cellular Reproduction.

    • Introduction.

    • Epithelial Tissue.

      • Classification Based on Shape

      • Classification Based on Arrangement.



    • Classification Based on Function

    • Connective Tissue.

    • Functions. Connective Tissue 100 Connective Tissue

    • Muscle Tissue

    • Nervous Tissue.

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: Tissues.



  • CHAPTER

  • CHAPTER

    • Bone Markings. System

      • Processes

      • Fossae



    • Divisions of the Skeleton.

    • The Axial Skeleton.

      • The Cranial Bones

      • The Facial Bones..

      • The Orbits.

      • The Nasal Cavities.

      • The Foramina of the Skull

      • The Hyoid Bone.

      • How to Study the Bones of the Skull

      • The Torso or Trunk..

      • The Thorax

      • The Sternum..

      • The Ribs.



    • The Appendicular Skeleton.

      • The Bones of the Upper Extremities

      • The Bones of the Lower Extremities



    • The Arches of the Foot

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Skeletal System.

    • Introduction.

    • The Classification of Joints: Structure and Function.

      • Synarthroses..



    • Synovial Joints.. Amphiarthroses. 182 Diarthroses or

    • Movements at Synovial Joints.

    • The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints.

    • Bursae

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Articular System.

    • Introduction.

    • The Types of Muscle.

    • The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle.

    • The Physiology of Muscle Contraction.

    • Neuroelectrical Factors..

      • Sources Chemical Interactions. 205 Energy





  • CHAPTER

    • The Muscle Twitch x-

    • Muscle Tone.

    • The Anatomy of Smooth Muscle.

    • The Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle

    • The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles

      • Skeletal Muscles. The Function and Location of Selected

      • Muscles of Facial Expression.

      • Muscles of Mastication

      • Muscles of the Eye

      • Muscles Moving the Head.

      • Muscles Moving the Shoulder Girdle

      • Muscles Moving the Humerus.

      • Muscles Moving the Elbow.

      • Muscles Moving the Wrist.

      • Muscles Moving the Hand

      • Muscles Moving the Thumb.

      • Muscles Moving the Fingers.

      • Muscles of the Abdominal Wall.

      • Muscles of Respiration or Breathing..

      • Muscles Moving the Femur

      • Muscles Moving the Knee Joint.

      • Muscles Moving the Foot.

      • Muscles Moving the Toes.



    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Muscular System.

    • Introduction.

    • Organization.

    • Classification of Nerve Cells

      • Neuroglia Cells

      • The Structure of a Neuron.

        • Structural Classification of Neurons.

        • Functional Classification of Neurons.





    • The Physiology of the Nerve Impulse

    • The Synaptic Transmission.

    • The Reflex Arc

    • Grouping of Neural Tissue.

    • The Spinal Cord.

      • Functions of the Spinal Cord.



    • The Spinal Nerves.

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Nervous System

    • CHAPTER



  • CHAPTER

    • CHAPTER Circulatory System

      • Introduction.

      • Functions of the Blood.

        • and the Composition of Plasma. The Classification of Blood Cells



      • Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis.

      • Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions.

      • The Clotting Mechanism.

      • The Blood Groups.

        • The ABO Blood Group.

        • The Rh Blood Group



      • Summary Outline

      • Review Questions

      • Laboratory Exercise: The Blood.

      • Introduction.

      • The Anatomy of the Heart

        • The Layers of the Heart Wall

        • The Chambers of the Heart

        • The Great Vessels of the Heart.

        • The Valves of the Heart



      • Blood Flow through the Heart

        • of the Heart The Conduction System



      • A Cardiac Cycle.

      • Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes.

      • Anatomy of Blood Vessels

        • of the Body. Major Arteries and Veins

        • Ascending Aorta Branches.

        • Aortic Arch Branches..

        • Thoracic Aorta Branches.

        • Abdominal Aorta Branches

        • Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava.

        • Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava..



      • Summary Outline

      • Review Questions

      • Laboratory Exercise: The Cardiovascular System

      • Introduction.

      • Functions of the Lymphatic Vessels. The Functions of the System and the Structure and

        • Lymphatic Vessels.



      • Lymph Nodes Circulatory System

      • Lymph Circulation

      • The Organs of the Lymphatic System.





  • CHAPTER

  • CHAPTER Digestive System

    • Immunity The Respiratory System

    • Antigens and Antibodies.

      • and Other Defenses Cells of the Immune Response



    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Lymphatic System.

    • Introduction.

    • General Organization

    • Histology

    • The Mouth or Oral Cavity

    • The Salivary Glands

    • Teeth

    • The Pharynx.

    • The Esophagus.

    • The Stomach.

    • The Pancreas

    • The Liver

      • The Gallbladder.



    • The Small Intestine.

    • The Large Intestine.

    • The Formation of the Feces.

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Digestive System

    • Introduction.

    • The Anatomy and Functions of the Nose.

    • The Structure and Functions of the Pharynx.

    • The Larynx or Voice Box

    • The Trachea

    • The Bronchi and the Bronchial Tree.

    • The Anatomy and Function of the Lungs.

    • The Respiration Process.

    • Lung Capacity.

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Respiratory System



  • CHAPTER

  • CHAPTER The Urinary System

    • Introduction.

    • Functions of the Urinary System

    • of the Kidneys Anatomy

    • The Anatomy of the Nephrons.

    • Blood and Nerve Supply to the Nephrons.

    • Physiology of the Nephrons.

    • The Ureters: Anatomy and Function.

    • The Urinary Bladder and the Micturition Reflex

    • The Urethra: Male and Female Positions.

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Urinary System

    • Introduction.

    • The Male Reproductive System.

      • The Scrotum..

      • The Testes.

      • The Anatomy of the Spermatozoa..

      • The Functions of Testosterone.

      • The Ducts of the System

      • The Accessory Glands

      • Semen..

      • The Penis



    • The Female Reproductive System.

      • The Ovaries.

      • The Uterine or Fallopian Tubes.

      • The Uterus..

      • The Menstrual Cycle.

      • The Functions of Estrogen

      • The Vagina..

      • The External Genitalia of the Female



    • The Perineum.

      • of the Mammary Glands. The Anatomy and Function



    • Pregnancy and Embryonic Development.

    • Summary Outline

    • Review Questions

    • Laboratory Exercise: The Reproductive System

    • Appendix.

    • Glossary.

    • Index



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