tothedrugandthen,everytwoweeks,thetranquillizerswere
withdrawn. Withdrawalsymptoms included twitches, jerks,
grossbodytremors,runningfits,rapidweightloss,fear,and
cowering. After forty hours of Valium withdrawal,
“numerous tonic-clonic convulsions were seen in seven of
nine dogs.... Two dogs had repeated episodes of clonic
seizures involving the whole body.” Four of the dogs
died—twowhileconvulsingandtwoafterrapidweightloss.
Lorazepam producedsimilar symptoms but not convulsive
deaths.Theexperimentersreviewedexperimentsgoingback
to 1931 in which barbiturate and tranquillizer withdrawal
symptoms had been observed in rats, cats, dogs, and
primates.^93
After reviewing the history of experiments showing that
“withdrawal-like effects can occur following single
administrationsofopiatesinseveralspecies,”includingdogs,
mice,monkeys,andrats,D.M.GrillyandG.C.Gowansof
ClevelandStateUniversityproceededtotestahypothesisthat
morphinewithdrawalproduceshypersensitivitytopain.Rats
weretrainedbyaprocedurethatinvolvedanaverageof6,387
training trialsin“shock discrimination.”Inthesetrials,the
ratshad torespondtoreceivinganelectric shock.Therats
were then injected with morphine and exposed to electric
shocks one, two, three, and seven days after. The
experimenters noted thatsensitivity to shock was elevated
during the days immediately following morphine
administration.^94
Here is an even more bizarre example of drug research:
AttheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles,RonaldSiegel
chained twoelephants to a barn.The femaleelephantwas