scratchattheirirritatedbodies.Theskinmaybleed,blister,
andpeel.Immersionstudies,inwhichanimalsareplacedin
vats ofdiluted substances, sometimescausetheanimals to
drownbeforeany testresults canbeobtained. In injection
studies,thetestsubstanceisinjecteddirectlyintotheanimal,
either under theskin, intothemuscles,or directlyintoan
organ.
Thesearethestandardprocedures.Herearetwoexamplesof
how they are carried out:
InEngland,theHuntingdonResearchInstitute,togetherwith
thegiantcorporationICI,carried outexperimentsinwhich
fortymonkeyswerepoisonedwiththeweed-killerparaquat.
Theybecameveryill, vomited,had difficultyinbreathing,
and suffered from hypothermia. They died slowly, over
severaldays.Itwasalreadyknownthatparaquatpoisoningin
humans results in a slow and agonizing death.^53
Webeganthischapterwithsomemilitaryexperiments.Here
is a military experiment involving an LD50 test:
ExperimentersattheU.S.ArmyMedicalResearchInstituteof
InfectiousDiseasespoisonedratswithT-2.Thisisapoison
which,accordingtotheDepartmentofState,has“theadded
advantage of beingan effective terror weapon that causes
bizarreandhorrifyingsymptoms”suchas“severebleeding,”
blisters,andvomiting, sothathumans andanimalsmaybe
“killed in a
gruesome manner.” The T-2 was administered
intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously,
interperitoneally—i.e.,injectedintothemuscletissue,intothe
veins, under the skin, and into the lining of the