Figure 3.4. sp^3 -Hybridized Orbitals
An atom with these orbitals has tetrahedral geometry, and there are no unhybridized p-orbitals to
form π bonds.All four of these orbitals point toward the vertices of a tetrahedron to minimize repulsion, which
explains why carbon prefers tetrahedral geometry. The hybridization is accomplished by promoting
one of the 2s electrons into the 2pz-orbital, as shown in Figure 3.5. This produces four valence
orbitals, each with one electron, which can be mathematically mixed to model the hybrid orbitals.