followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation.
Gas chromatography (GC)—A type of chromatography used to separate vaporizable compounds;
the stationary phase is a crushed metal or polymer, and the mobile phase is a nonreactive gas.
Gauche conformation—A type of staggered conformation in which the two largest groups are 60°
apart.
Geminal diol—A functional group with two hydroxyl groups on the same carbon; also called a
hydrate.
Hemiacetal—A functional group that contains a carbon atom bonded to one –OR group, one –OH
group, an alkyl chain, and a hydrogen atom.
Hemiketal—A functional group that contains a carbon atom bonded to one –OR group, one –OH
group, and two alkyl chains.
Heterolysis—Cleavage of a bond in which both electrons are given to the same atom.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)—A form of chromatography in which a small
sample is put into a column that can be manipulated with sophisticated solvent gradients to allow
very refined separation and characterization; formerly called high-pressure liquid chromatography.
Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)—The highest-energy molecular orbital containing
electrons; in UV spectroscopy, electrons are excited from the HOMO to the LUMO.
Hydride reagent—Reducing reagents containing hydride anions (H–).
Hydrogen bonding—An intermolecular force that results from the extreme polarity of the bonds
when hydrogen atoms are attached to highly electronegative atoms (N, O, or F).
Hydrolysis—The breaking of a molecule using water.
Hydroxyl group—An –OH group; seen in alcohols, hemiacetals and hemiketals, carboxylic acids,
water, and other compounds.