Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques and Applications

Promoter trap, 225–226
Protein blot analysis,seeWestern blot analysis
Protoplasts, 123–124, 261–262
Public Sector Intellectual Property Resources
for Agriculture,seePIPRA
Punnett square, 27–29
Putative transformants, 277, 279, 288

Quantitative PCR,seeReal-time PCR
Quantitative trait loci (QTL), 56, 75–76

Raikel, Natasha, 106–108
Reading frame, 148–150, 178–179
Real-time PCR,seePCR, Real-time
Recombination
Homologous, 186–187, 259, 359–360, 364
Site-specific, 172–181, 236, 359–361,see
alsoGateway cloning and Cre-lox
Recurrent selection, 58, 61, 63, 67, 70–72
Reporter genes, 170, 220, 222–227, 231–235
Restriction endonuclease, 160–161, 165, 170,
280–284
Restriction enzyme,seeRestriction
endonuclease
R gene, 202–203
Ribonuclease, 230–231
Right border, T-DNA, 166–167, 282–283
RNA blot analysis,seeNorthern blot analysis
RNAi, 179, 259
RNA interference,seeRNAi
RNA polymerase II, 140–144, 162, 188, 227
RNases, 146–147, 284
Root apical meristem, 80, 82, 84, 90, 94–95
Roundup, Roundup-Ready,seeglyphosate

Seed germination, 85, 91
Selectable marker genes, 167–168, 182, 187,
218–222, 226–231, 234–237, 332
Self-fertilization, 27–29, 35–36, 58, 63–64,
60–74
Self-incompatibility, 35–38
Self-pollination,seeSelf-fertilization
Shelton, Anthony, 306–307
Shifting balance theory, 60
Shillito, Ray, 308–309
Signal transduction, 90–93, 97, 101–106
Silicon carbide whiskers, 262
Single-seed descent, 64–65
Somaclonal variation, 122, 125–126, 349
Somatic embryos, 120, 121, 123, 126–128,
188, 221
Southern blot analysis, 280–284

Splicesome, 147

Stacked genes, 2, 62, 185, 202, 363

Start codon, 150, 169–170

Stop codon, 148, 152, 178–179

Surface sterilization of explants, 118–119

Synthetic varieties, 71–72

Systems biology, 107, 196

Tapetum, 230–231

Taq DNA polymerase, 278, 286

TATA box, 148, 168–169

T-DNA, 18, 166–170, 178, 185–190,

249–254, 283

Ti Plasmid, 18, 166–168, 225, 228, 230,

249, 252

Totipotency, Totipotent, 113–114, 248

Traits

Input, 62, 197–205

Output, 205–210

Transcription

Factors, 92, 94, 98, 140–146, 169, 182

Process, 140–147

Start site, 169

Transfer DNA,seeT-DNA

Transfer RNA,seetRNA

Translation, 148–152

Translation start site,seestart codon

tRNA, 150–151

Tumor-inducing plasmid,seeTi Plasmid

UidAgene,seeGUS reporter gene

United States Department of Agriculture Animal

and Plant Health Inspection Service

Biotechnology Regulation Service,

seeUSDA APHIS BRS

Untranslated region,seeUTR

Upregulated gene, 195

USDA APHIS BRS, 293–297

UTR, 142, 169

Viral vectors, 263

Vir genes,seeVirulence genes

Virulence genes, 166, 250, 263

Western blot analysis, 286–287

World Trade Organization,seeWTO

Wright, Martha, 129–130

WTO, 300

Yuan, Joshua, 367–368

Zinc finger nuclease, 363–364

374 INDEX