Development of U.S. Agriculture
Part 3 – 14 | Unit 3.1
d. global food system and its relationship with the U.s.
(see Holt-Giménez and Patel 2009, Chapter 3)
Many of the trends happening in the U.S. were implemented worldwide
- Science and capital together: The green revolution (1960–1990)
a) The green revolution aimed to keep countries fed and willing to resist communism.
It was a huge effort by a few foundations and Western governments to create hybrid
seeds that would be well adapted to local conditions. These seeds “...were dependent
on ‘packages’ of credit, fertilizers, and timely irrigation” (Holt-Giménez and Patel 2009, p.
27). The results of this technology-intensive system were similar to those that occurred
in the U.S., in that they system benefited the larger farms, and mostly disenfranchised
smaller farms.
b) It did not work for poor and women
c) It led to more concentration of land ownership
d) Farmers forced off the land became part of the urban cheap labor force
e) The green revolution “... also produced as many hungry people as it saved.” (Holt-
Giménez and Patel 2009, p. 24)
- Structural adjustment programs (SAPs), which started in the 1980s, were instituted by
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank when they made loans. Under
the premise that “free trade” will lift all boats and work best to help countries “develop,”
supports to agriculture were cut. This includes price supports, research infrastructure, and
trade tariffs to protect the internal agricultural product prices in the South. These SAPs
created situations that benefited the corporations dominating agriculture. - Free trade agreements (FTAs) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) codified the
structural adjustments, and instituted other policies that benefited Northern corporations
at the expense of Southern countries - Overproduced food in the U.S. and europe sent as “food aid” overseas often undercut prices
of production for local farmers. Similarly, through FTAs and WTO agreements, the U.S. and
europe have continued subsidizing their agriculture, while the Southern countries are not
allowed to do this, continuing the undercutting of Southern farmers. - Thus, many countries are not able to protect their food system or sovereignty. “... by 2005,
72% of all countries in the global South had become net food importers” (Holt-Giménez
and Patel 2009, p 44). - Together, these systems create consolidation, drive smaller shareholder farmers from the
land, encourage immigration for work, and decrease sovereignty
Lecture 2: Capital, Politics, & Overproduction in Agriculture