Handbook of Herbs and Spices - Volume 3

188 Handbook of herbs and spices

(purple basil and green basil) by GC-MS indicated about 35 compounds. Major

compounds are eucalyptol and linalool. Estragole was not found in purple form while

a low percentage was found in the green basil (Wjerdak 2001). The main constituents

identified in basil condensate are linalool and methyl chavicol (Machale et al. 1997).

Linalool and 1,8 – cineole comprised more than 50% of total yield of sweet basil oil.

Volatiles in fresh leaves was about 50-fold higher than those found in air dried leaves

(Loughrin 2003). Sanda et al. (1998) described the chemical composition of Ocimum

species growing in Togo. Linalool, estragole and a-bergamotene are the major

compounds (Table 11.3).

Black pepper

Gopalakrishnan et al. (1993) studied four genotypes of pepper using GC-MS. The oil

of these cultivars possessed a-pinene in the range of 5.07–6.18%, b-pinene 9.16–

11.68%, sabinene 8.5–17.16%, limonene 21.06–22.71% and b-caryophyllene 21.52–

27.70%. Zachariah (1995) studied 42 black pepper accessions and reported 3.8–

16.6% pinene, 2.2–33% sabinene, 1.6–31.8% myrcene, 3.6–21.2% limonene, 0.2–

1.8% linalool and 11.8–41.8% b-caryophyllene.

Orav et al. (2004) determined the essential oil composition of black, green and

white pepper using GC/mass spectrometry. Most abundant compounds in pepper oils

were (E)-b-caryophyllene (1.4–70.4%), limonene (2.9–38.4%), b-pinene (0.7–25.6%),

D-3-carene (1.7–19.0%), sabinene (0–12.2%), a-pinene (0.3–10.4%), eugenol (0.1–

41.0%) terpinene-4-ol (0–13.2%) hedycaryol (0–9.1%), b-eudesmol (0–9.7%) and

caryophyllene oxide (0.1–7.2%). Green pepper oil (dried by sublimation method)

had a higher content of monoterpenes (84.2%) than air-dried green pepper corns

(26.8%). The oil from ground black pepper contained more monoterpenes and less

Table 11.3 Percentage composition of Ocimum basilicum volatiles

Compound % Composition

a-Thujene 0.4

Myrcene 0.4

Limonene + 1,8-cineole 0.4

(E)-b-Ocimeme 0.7

g-Terpinene 0.2

Terpinolene 1.4

b-Elemene 1.2

b-Caryophyllene 0.2

(E)-a-Bergamotene 7.6

a-Caryophyllene 0.4

Germacrene D 0.8

b-Selinene 0.6

Bicyclogermacrene 0.4

g-Muurolene 0.8

Cadinene 1.4

Cadinol 0.4

p-Cymene 0.5

Estragole 22.2

(Z)-Sabinene hydrate 0.9

Linalool 41.2

Camphor 0.3

Terpin-4-ol 2.3

Source: Sanda et al. 1998.