16 Handbook of herbs and spices
Ta ble 1.3 Mycobiota, mycotoxigenic species and possible mycotoxin production in black pepper
Mycobiota Incidence Mycotoxins produced References
(%) by moulds according
to the literaturea
Aspergillus Garcia et al., 2001
aureolus
A. candidus Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Garcia et al., 2001
A. flavus 15–43.8 Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Cyclopiazonic acid Geeta and Kulkarni, 1987
3-nitropropionic acid Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Freire et al., 2000
A. fumigatus 13 Gliotoxin Verrucologen Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Fumitoxins Fumigaclavines Garcia et al., 2001
A. niger 16–48 Ochratoxin A Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Garcia et al., 2001
Geeta and Kulkarni, 1987
Freire et al., 2000
Elshafie et al., 2002
A. ochraceus 3.8–26 Penicillic acid Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Ochratoxin A Xanthomegnin Freire et al., 2000
Viomellein Vioxanthin Garcia et al., 2001
A. parasiticus 15 Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 Geeta and Kulkarni, 1987
A. restrictus Moreno-Martinez and
Christensen, 1972
Rami et al., 1995
Chourasia, 1995
Geeta and Reddy, 1990
A. sydowii 4 Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
A. tamarii 7.2 Cyclopiazonic acid Moreno-Martinez and
Christensen, 1972
Rami et al., 1995
Chourasia, 1995
Geeta and Reddy, 1990
Freire et al., 2000
A. terreus Citrinin Elshafie et al., 2002
Citreoviridin
Patulin
A. versicolor 4–5.8 Sterigmatocystin Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Nidulotoxin Freire et al., 2000
Alternaria alternata Moreno-Martinez and
Christensen 1972
Rami et al., 1995
Chourasia, 1995
Geeta and Reddy, 1990
Chaetomium sp. 15.3 (C.globosum) Moreno-Martinez and
Chaetoglobosins Christensen, 1972
Chetomin Rami et al., 1995
Chourasia, 1995
Geeta and Reddy, 1990
Circinella Garcia et al., 2001
Cladosporium sp. (C.herbarum) Freire et al., 2000
Cladosporic acid
Cunninghamella Garcia, et al., 2001
Curvularia Garcia, et al., 2001
Emerciella nidulans 13 Sterigmatocystin Freire et al., 2000
(A. nidulans) Nidulotoxin Elshafie et al., 2002