18 Handbook of herbs and spices
Ta ble 1.4 Mycobiota, mycotoxigenic species and possible mycotoxin production in white pepper
Mycobiota Incidence Mycotoxins produced References
(%) by moulds according
to the literaturea
A. candidus 2 Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Freire et al., 2000
A. flavus 3.4–47 Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Cyclopiazonic acid Flannigan and Hui, 1976
3-nitropropionic acid Freire et al., 2000
A. fumigatus 12 Gliotoxin Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Verrucologen Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Fumitoxins
Fumigaclavines
Emerciella nidulans 6 Sterigmatocystin Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
(A. nidulans) Nidulotoxin Flannigan and Hui, 1976
A. niger 4.5–24 Ochratoxin A Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
(few isolates) Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Freire et al., 2000
A. ochraceus 6 Penicillic acid Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Ochratoxin A
Xanthomegnin
Viomellein
Vioxanthin
A. tamarii 4 Cyclopiazonic acid Freire et al., 2000
Flannigan and Hui, 1976
A. terreus 6 Citrinin, Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Citreoviridin Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
Patulin
A. versicolor 2.5 Sterigmatocystin Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Nidulotoxin Freire et al., 2000
Chaetomium 3.7 Chaetoglobosins Freire et al., 2000
globosum Chetomin
Cunninghamella 1.5 Freire et al., 2000
elegans
Curvularia lunata 2.2 Freire et al., 2000
Eurotium 18 Martinez-Magana et al., 1989
(A.glaucus) Flannigan and Hui, 1976
E. chevalieri 2 Freire et al., 2000
Fusarium 1.5 Freire et al., 2000
oxysporum
Microascus cinereus 2.5 Freire et al., 2000
P. brevicompactum 12.5 Mycopenolic acid Freire et al., 2000
Botryodipliodin
P. citrinum 7.4 Citrinin Freire et al., 2000
P. islandicum 2.4 Rugulosin Freire et al., 2000
Luteoskyrin
Islanditoxin
Cyclochlorotine
Erythroskyrin
Emodin
Rhizopus oryzae 5.5 Freire et al., 2000
Sporendonema sp. 1 Freire et al., 2000
Spormiella minima 2.3 Freire et al., 2000
Trichoderma 1.5 Freire et al., 2000
artroviride
a: adopted from Frisvad and Thrane, (2002).