20 Handbook of herbs and spices
Ta ble 1.5 Mycobiota, mycotoxigenic species and possible mycotoxin production in cinnamon
Mycobiota Incidence Mycotoxins produced References
(%) by moulds according to
the literaturea
Absidia spp. Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Aspergillus 50 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
alutaceus
A. flavus 100 Aflatoxin B 1 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997,
Cyclopiazonic acid Elshafie et al., 2002
3-nitropropionic acid
A. niger 70 Ochratoxin A Flannigan and Hui, 1976
Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
Elshafie et al., 2002
A. fumigatus 60 Gliotoxin Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
Verrucologen
Fumitoxins
Fumigaclavines
A. ochraceus Penicillic acid Elshafie et al., 2002
Ochratoxin A
Xanthomegnin
Viomellein
Vioxanthin
Chaetomium 100 Chaetoglobosins Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
globosum Chetomin
Emerciella 30 Sterigmatocystin Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
nidulans* Nidulotoxin
E. amstelodami 100 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
E. chevalieri 70
E. rubrum 40
Mucor sp. 60 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
Elshafie et al., 2002
Mycelia sterilata Elshafie et al., 2002
Mycosphaerella 30 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
tassiana
Myrotheciumsp. 30 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
Nectriasp. 40 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
P. c h rysogenum 60 Roquefortine C Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
P. citrinum 30 Citrinin Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
P. corylophilum 30 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
P. oxalicum 40 Secalonic acid F Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
Rhizopus Elshafie et al., 2002
nigricans
R. stolonifer 50 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
Stachybotryssp. 30 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
Syncephalastrum Elshafie et al., 2002
racemosum
Trichoderma*sp. 40 Abdel-Hafez and El Said, 1997
a: adapted from Frisvad and Thrane, (2002).
*Cellulose agar.
**50% sucrose agar.
1.4.1 Mycotoxin determination methods in spices and herbs
All mycotoxin analyses consist of three steps; sampling, sample preparation and
analytical procedure. Sampling should be performed such as to collect a representative
amount of the lot. The sample size in the EU is 30 kg. Sample preparation is the
second step, where the sample is ground to particle sizes as small as possible and