22 Handbook of herbs and spices
Ta ble 1.7 Mycobiota, mycotoxigenic species and possible mycotoxin production in ginger
Mycobiota Incidence Mycotoxins References
(%) produced by
moulds according
to the literaturea
Absidia sp. Aziz et al., 1998
A. flavus Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 Aziz et al., 1998
Cyclopiazonic acid Elshafie et al., 2002
3-nitropropionic
acid
A. fumigatus Gliotoxin Elshafie et al., 2002
Verrucologen
Fumitoxins
Fumigaclavines
A. parasiticus Aflatoxin B 1 , Aziz et al., 1998
(dominant) B 2 , G 1 , G 2
A. niger Ochratoxin A Elshafie et al., 2002
Alternaria alternate 96.7 Elshafie et al., 2002
Cladosporium Aziz et al., 1998
herbarum
Emerciella nidulans Sterigmatocystin Elshafie et al., 2002
Nidulotoxin
Eurotium amstelodami Elshafie et al., 2002
Fusarium spp. Aziz et al., 1998
Mucor sp. Aziz et al., 1998
Elshafie et al., 2002
Paecilomyces variotii Aziz et al., 1998
Penicillium 85 Mycopenolic acid Overy and Frisvad,
brevicompactum Botryodipliodin 2005
P. crustosum 55 Roquefortine C Overy and Frisvad,
Penitrem A 2005
P. polonicum 35 Penicillic acid Overy and Frisvad,
Verrucosidin 2005
P. cyclopium 25 Penicillic acid Overy and Frisvad,
Xanthomegnin 2005
Viomellein
P. aurantiogriseum 10 Penicillic acid Overy and Frisvad,
Verrucosidin 2005
P. steckii, 10 Overy and Frisvad,
P. bialowiezense 10 2005
P. freii 10 Xanthomegnin Overy and Frisvad, 2005
Viomellein
Vioxanthin
Penicillic acid
P. allii 5 Overy and Frisvad, 2005
P. commune 5 Cyclopiazonic acid Overy and Frisvad, 2005
P. viridicatum 5 Xanthomegnin Overy and Frisvad, 2005
Viomellein
Vioxanthin
Viridic acid
Penicillic acid
P. expansum 5 Roquefortine C Overy and Frisvad, 2005
Patulin
Citrinin
P. discolor 5 Chaetoglobosin C Overy and Frisvad, 2005
Rhizopus nigrificans Elshafie et al., 2002
Syncephalastrum Elshafie et al., 2002
racemosum
a: adapted from Frisvad and Thrane, (2002).