Detecting and controlling mycotoxin contamination of herbs and spices 23
Ta ble 1.8 Mycobiota, mycotoxigenic species and possible mycotoxin production in other spices and
herbs
Spices Mycobiota Incidence Mycotoxins References
and (%) produced by
herbs moulds according
to the literaturea
Anise Alternaria sp. 100 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Aspergillus flavus 50 Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Cyclopiazonic
acid
3-nitropropionic
acid
Fusarium spp. 50 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Penicillium spp, 100 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Trichoderma sp. 50 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Bay Aspergillus Gliotoxin Garcia, et al., 2001
leaves fumigatus Verrucologen
Fumitoxins
Fumigaclavines
A. niger Ochratoxin A Garcia et al., 2001
Alternaria sp. Garcia et al., 2001
Cunninghamella sp. Garcia et al., 2001
Cladosporium sp. Garcia et al., 2001
Monilia sp. Garcia et al., 2001
Penicillium spp. Garcia et al., 2001
Paecilomyces sp. Garcia et al., 2001
Trichodermasp. Garcia et al., 2001
Caraway Aspergillus Abou-Arab et al., 1999
crothecium Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Penicillium sp. 56 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Rhizoctonia sp. 33 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Fusarium sp. Abou-Arab et al., 1999
A. flavus 13 Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Cyclopiazonic
acid
3-nitropropionic
acid
A. niger 12.5 Ochratoxin A Abou-Arab et al., 1999
A. terreus 12.5 Citrinin Abou-Arab et al., 1999
Cireoviridin
Patulin
Cardamom Alternaria alternate Elshafie et al., 2002
Emerciella nidulans Sterigmatocystin Elshafie et al., 2002
(Aspergillus nidulans) Nidulotoxin
A. niger Ochratoxin A Elshafie et al., 2002
Cardamom Fusarium spp. Elshafie et al., 2002
Rhizopus
nigricans Elshafie et al., 2002
Syncephalastrum Elshafie et al., 2002
racemosum
Cumin A. fumigatus Gliotoxin Geeta and Reddy, 1990
Verrucologen
Fumitoxins
Fumigaclavines
A. niger (dominant) Ochratoxin A Garcia, et al., 2001
A. aureolus Garcia, et al., 2001
Alternaria alternate Geeta and Reddy, 1990
Curvularia lunata Geeta and Reddy, 1990
Cunninghamella sp. Garcia et al., 2001
Circinella sp. Garcia et al., 2001