Essentials of Ecology

INDEX I1

Note: Page numbers in boldface refer to boldface
terms in the text. Page numbers followed by
italicizedf, t, or bindicate fi gures, tables,
and boxes.

Abiotic,57, 57 f
Abyssal zone, 170
Acid deposition, 69, 71
Acidic solution, 37
Acidity, 37
Acid rain, 69
Adaptation, 82
Adaptive trait, 82
Advocates for Animals, 205b
Aerobic respiration, 59, 67
Aesthetic value, 190, 191f
Affl uence
in China, 15
environmental effects of, 19
Age-structure diagram, 130, 131f, 132 f
Age structure of populations, 109, 130–33
Agricultural revolution, 16
AIDS and population decline, 132–33
Air circulation, 141, 142f, 143–44
Air plants, 106, 106f
Alien species, 92
Alligator, American, 77, 77f, 97
Alpine tundra, 152
American bald eagle, 202
Amino acids, 38
Ammonifi cation, 69
Amphibians, vanishing, 93–95, 94f
Anaerobic respiration, 59
Animal farms, 209
Applied ecology, 244
Aquariums, 209–10
Aquatic biodiversity, 162–80
Aquatic life zones, 56, 163
organisms in, 164–65
types of, 163–64
Aquatic systems,
general nature of, 163–65
importance of, 165–70
invasive species in, 252, 252f, 253 b,269–70
sustaining biodiversity of, 250–72
threats to, 250–57
Aquifers, 65
Arboreta, 209
Arctic tundra, 150, 151f, 152, 178
Argentina fi re ant, 199–200, 200f
Army cutworm moths and grizzly bears, 102
Artifi cial coral reef, 261b
Artifi cial selection, 88 b
Asian carp, 270
Asian swamp eel, 252
Asteroid collisions with earth, 85
Atmosphere, 54
ocean and, 143, 144f
Atomic charge, 36

Atomic number, 36

Atomic theory, 35

Atoms, 35 –36, 36f, 52 f

Audubon, John James, 183

Autotrophs, 58

Baby boom (U.S.), 127, 131–32, 132f

Baby bust, 132

Background extinction, 87–88, 185

Bacon, Sir Francis, 119

Bacteria

natural selection and, 82, 83f

nitrogen fi xing and, 68–69

Balance of nature, 118

Baleen whales, 257, 258f

Barrier beaches, 168–69, 170f

Barrier islands, 168

Baseline data, 73, 74

Basic solution, 37

Bathyal zone, 170

Bats, ecological roles of, 192b

Bats and moths (coevolution), 105f

Baum, Julia, 96

Beavers, 96

Bees

colony collapse disorder, 202–3

nonnative, 93

Benthic zone, 174, 175f

Benthos, 164

Bequest value, 190

Bias and scientists, 35

Biocultural restoration, 242b

Biodegradable pollutants, 16

Biodiversity, 23, 23f, 78 –80

aquatic, 162–80, 250–72

coral reefs and, 170

climate and, 141–59

components of, 79, 79f

ecosystem approach to preserving, 239–45

extinction and, 87–89, 183–211

priorities for sustaining, 271–72

speciation and, 86

species diversity and, 89–91

wilderness and, 238

Biodiversity-friendly development, 239

Biodiversity hotspots, 239,240, 241f

Biogeochemical cycles, 65

Biological capacity, 14

Biological community, 53

Biological diversity. See biodiversity

Biological evolution, 80

Biological extinction, 185, 255

Biomass, 62

Biomes,55, 55 f, 145

air circulation, ocean currents, and, 144f

climate’s effect on, 145–57

major types of, 146f

wind, climate, and, 140

Biophilia, 192

Biophobia, 192

Biosphere, 52f,53, 55

nutrients cycle in, 65

water cycles through, 65–67

Biosphere reserves, 237, 237f

Biotic,57, 57 f

Biotic potential of species, 109

Birds, decline of species, 195–97

Birth dearth, 132

Birth rate, 126

factors affecting, 128

Blackfoot Challenge, 245

Blackfoot River Valley and reconciliation

ecology, 244–45

Black rhinoceros (mutualism), 106f

Bluefi n tuna, 255

Blue whales, 258

Boom-and-bust population cycles, 113

Boreal forests, 155

Bormann, F. Herbert, 28

Botanical gardens, 209

Bottom-up population regulation, 113, 114f

Brazil, and tropical forests, 224–27

Broadleaf deciduous trees, 155

Broadleaf evergreen plants, 153

Brown, Lester R., 15, 137

Brown tree snake, 110–11

Buffer zone concept, 236–37, 237f

Burmese python snake, 200

Bush, George W., 261

Bush meat, 205–6, 206f

Bycatch, 255

California condor, 210

Callender, Jim, 266b

Camoufl age, 102

Captive breeding, 209–10

Carbon cycle, 67 –68, 68f

Carnivores, 59

Carrying capacity (K) in populations, 110,

111, 112f

Case study. See also Core case study

biodiversity hotspot in East Africa, 240

Blackfoot River Valley, 244–45

California condor, 210

Chattanooga, Tennessee, and environmental

transformation, 21–22, 21f

Chesapeake Bay, 172–73, 173f

China’s new affl uent consumers, 15–16

China’s one-child policy, 135–36

cockroaches, 92

Costa Rica and conservation, 237–38

decline of bird species, 195–97

Endangered Species Act, U.S., 207–8

Everglades restoration, 267–68

forest regrowth in U.S., 223

fuelwood and deforestation, 229

grazing, urban development in American

West, 233

Index