Essentials of Ecology

I2 INDEX

Case study (cont’d)
Great Lakes and invasive species, 269–70
honeybees disappearing, 202–3
human species and evolution, 83
industrial fi sh harvesting, 256–57
inland wetlands losses in United States, 179
kudzu vine, 198
marine turtles, 259–60
New Orleans and fl ood control, 177–78
polar bears and global warming, 203
sharks, protection of, 96–97
slowing population growth in India, 136–37
United States and immigration, 129–30
U.S. national parks, stresses on, 234–35
vanishing amphibians, 93–95
whales, 257–59
white-tailed deer populations, 114–15
wilderness protection in U.S., 238–39
Catastrophic events
evolution and, 85
extinction and, 88–89
Cells (atmospheric), 141, 144, 144f
Cells (biological), 38, 38 f,51, 52 f
eukaryotic, 51, 52 f
prokaryotic, 51, 52 f
Cell theory, 51
Chain reaction, 40
Chaparral, 152–53, 152f
Chattanooga, Tennessee, 21–22, 21f
China
affl uence and consumers, 15–16, 19
air pollutants from, 140
giant panda, 92
one-child policy and, 135–36
per capita ecological footprint, 14, 122, 136
population and resource use per person, 122f
replacement-level fertility and, 135
Chemical bonds, 37
Chemical change in matter, 40
Chemical composition, 39
Chemical formula, 37
Chemical reaction, 40
Chemical warfare by species, 102
Chemosynthesis, 59
Chesapeake Bay, 172–73, 173f
Chromosomes,38, 38 f
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 38
Clear-cutting, 219, 219f, 220 f
Climate, 141
biomes, wind, and, 140
biodiversity and, 141–59
effect on biomes, 145–57
Climate change, 5. See also Global warming
evolution and, 84–85, 85f, 86 b
extinction of toad, frog species and, 87
forests and, 222, 222f, 230 b
as threat to aquatic systems, 254
vanishing amphibians and, 95
Climate zones of earth, 142f
Climax community, 118
Clownfi sh (mutualism), 106f
Clumping, population dispersion and, 108, 109f
Cockroaches, 92, 92f
Coastal coniferous forests, 156
Coastal wetlands, 166
Coastal zone, 165
Coevolution,104, 105 f
Cold deserts, 148, 149f
Cold forests, 153, 154f,155–56
Cold grasslands, 150–152, 151f, 152 f

Collins Pine, 228b

Colonizing species, 115

Colony collapse disorder, 202–3

Columbia River, 270

Comanagement of fi sheries, 264

Commensalism,101, 106, 106 f

Commercial extinction, 254

Commercial fi shing methods, 256–57, 256f

Common property rights, 13

Community (biological), 52f, 53

ecosystems, environmental changes, and,

115–19

Community-based conservation, 244

Competition

reduction by natural selection, 107–8

Competitive exclusion principle, 102

Complex carbohydrates, 38

Compounds, 35

important to environmental science, 37t

inorganic, 38

organic, 38

Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan

(CERP), 268

Conduction, 41

Conference on Population and Development

(U.N.), 134–35

Coniferous evergreen trees, 156

Conservation, 12

Conservation concessions, 231

Conservation International, 239

Consumers, in ecosystems, 59

Consumption, and species extinctions, 201

Continental shelf, 166

Controlled scientifi c experiment, 28, 28f

Control group, 28

Control site, 28

Convection, 42

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 207

Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES), 206–7, 257

Coral bleaching, 162

Coral reefs, 162, 170, 171f, 180, 250

artifi cial, 261b

Core case study

American alligator’s ecological role, 77, 97

controlled scientifi c experiment, 28, 47

coral reefs, 162, 180

disappearing tropical rain forests, 50, 74

exponential growth, 5, 24

gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park,

214, 245

Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249, 253, 272

passenger pigeon, 183, 211

population of earth and resource

consumption, 122, 137

southern sea otters, 100, 119

wind, climate, and biomes, 140, 159

Costanza, Robert, 218

Costa Rica, 87

conservation and, 237–38, 238f

leatherback turtle nesting areas in, 260

tropical dry forest restoration, 242b

Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, 180

Crabtree, Robert, 235b

Crown fi res, 220–21, 220f

Crude birth rate, 126

Crude death rate, 126

Crust, earth’s, 55

Cultural carrying capacity, 125

Cultural eutrophication, 175

Culture, 16

Currents (ocean), 143, 143 f, 144 f

Curtis Prairie, 243, 243f

Cyclic population fl uctuations, 113

Dams, New Orleans and fl ood control,

177–78

Darwin, Charles, 78, 80, 101

Data, 30

DDT, 201, 201f

Death rate, 126

AIDS and, 132–33

factors affecting, 128–29

Debt-for-nature swaps, 230–31

Decomposers,59, 60 f,61, 164

Deductive reasoning, 32

Deforestation, 193, 222 –23, 222f, 223 f

fuelwood and, 229

of tropical forests, 223–27, 224f, 225 f, 226 f

Deltas, 177–78

Demographic bottleneck, 113

Demographic transition, 133, 134f

Demographic trap, 69

Denitrifi cation, 69

Density-dependent population controls, 113

Density independent, 113

Deposit feeders, 170

Desert(s), 148

types of, 148, 149f

Detritivores,59, 60 f

Detritus, 59

Detritus feeders, 59, 61

Developed countries, 10 –11, 11f

Developing countries, 11, 11 f

deforestation and, 222

population growth and, 133–34

Dieback (crash), 111, 112f

Differential reproduction, 82

Discontinuity, 46

Dissolved oxygen content, 58

DMS, 71

DNA, 38, 38f, 88 b

using to protect elephants, 191b

Dominican Republic, whale watching

in, 259

Drainage basin, 176

Drift-net fi shing, 257

Dubos, René, 6

Dunes, 169, 170f

Early (pioneer) successional species, 116

Earth

biomes of, 146f

climate zones of, 142f

conditions for life and, 86b

life-support system of, 54–55

population and resource consumption, 123

surface of and effect on climate, 144–45, 145f

Earthquakes, 84

East Africa

biodiversity hotspot, 240

Nile perch in Lake Victoria, 249

Easter Island, 31b

Ecological defi cit, 14

Ecological effi ciency, 62

Ecological extinction, 185

Ecological footprint, 14 –16

cultural changes and, 16

Ecological footprint analysis, 26, 76, 139,

247, 274