Essentials of Ecology

I4 INDEX

India, slowing population growth in, 136–37

Indicator species, 92, 93

Individuals matter, 9, 22

Aldo Leopold, 22b

Jane Goodall, 205b

Jim Callender, 266b

Reuven Yosef, 261b

Wangari Maathai, 230b

Individual transfer rights (ITRs), 264

Inductive reasoning, 32

Industrial fi sh harvesting, 256–57, 256f

Industrial–medical revolution, 16

Inertia, 119

Infant mortality rate, 128, 129

Information–globalization revolution, 16

Inhibition, 118

Inland wetlands, 178 –79

losses in United States, 179

Inorganic compounds, 38

Input pollution control (pollution

prevention), 17

Inputs, in systems, 44

Insects, importance of, 54b

Instrumental value (of species), 189 –91

Integrated coastal management, 173, 262–63

Interactions among species, 101–7

types, 101

commensalism, 106

competition, 101–2

mutualism, 106

parasitism, 105

predation, 102–104

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC), 33b

International Convention for the Regulation of

Whaling, 258

International Convention on Biological

Diversity, 257

International Fund for Animal Welfare, 204

International treaties, to protect wild species,

206–7, 257

International Union for the Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 186,

260, 262

International Whaling Commission (IWC), 258

Interspecifi c competition, 101

Intertidal zone, 168 –69, 169f, 170 f

Intrinsic rate of increase (r) in populations, 109

Intrinsic value, 191

Introduced species, 197–201

Invasive species, 92, 197–201

controlling, 201, 201f

in aquatic systems, 252, 252f, 253 b,269–70

in forests, 221–22, 221f

Ionic compounds, 36

Ions, 36 –37, 37f

important to environmental science, 37t

Irregular population changes, 113

Irruptive population cycles, 113

Island biogeography, theory of, 90 b, 188 b, 194

Islands, species richness on, 90b

Isotopes, 36

radioactive, 40

unstable, 40

Israel, artifi cial reef in, 261b

IUCN-World Conservation Union, 96

Ivory trade, 191b

Jane Goodall Institute, 205b

Janzen, Daniel, 242b

Groundwater, 65

Guanacaste National Park, 242b

Gut inhabitant mutualism, 106

Habitat, 53

destruction, degradation, and fragmentation,

193–96

Habitat conservation plan (HCP), 207

Habitat islands, 90b, 193

Habitat corridors, 237

Haiti, and fuelwood crisis, 229

Halpern, Benjamin S., 252

Halweil, Brian, 272

Harden, Garrett, 13

Harvesting of trees, 219f

Hawken, Paul, 123

Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003

(U.S.), 228

Heat, 41 –42

Heinz Foundation, 74

Herbivores, 59

Heritable genetic trait, 82

Heterotrophs, 59

Higher-level consumers, 59

High-quality energy, 42, 56

High-quality matter, 39, 39 f

High seas, 260

HIPPCO,193,251, 252, 254, 269

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 172

Home Depot, 231

Honeybees disappearing, 202–3

Honeycreepers, resource sharing and, 108, 108f

Horwich, Robert, 244

Hotspots, 207

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 28, 28f,

37 f, 47

Human population

factors affecting size of, 125–130

growth of, 5, 5f, 124 b

growth projections, 125f

impact of, 122–37

slowing growth, 133–37

Human species

competing for resources, 102

effects on freshwater ecosystems, 179

effects on marine ecosystems, 171–73

effects on terrestrial ecosystems, 158–59

mass extinction and, 183

natural selection and, 83

population controls and, 114

role in extinction of species, 184–89, 193–206

Hunt, Terry L., 31

Hunter-gatherers, 16

Hurricane Katrina, 177–78

Hurricanes

New Orleans and fl ood control, 177–78

Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 51

Hydrocarbons, 38

Hydrogen bonds, 67b

Hydrologic cycle, 65, 66 f

Hydrosphere, 55

Hydrothermal vents, 59

Hypereutrophic (lake), 176

Hypothesis, scientifi c, 30

vs. theory, 32

Immigration, 129

United States and, 129–30, 129f

Inbreeding, 113

Incandescent lightbulb, 43

Genetic engineering, 88 b
Genetic information, 38, 190
Genetic makeup of population, changes in, 81–82
Genetic resistance, 82, 83f
Genetic traits, changing, 88 b
Genetic variability, 82
Geographic information system (GIS) software,
72–73, 73f
Geographic isolation, 86, 87 f
Geological processes and evolution, 84, 85f
Geosphere, 55
Geothermal energy, 59
Glaciers, 65
Global air circulation, 142f
Global Amphibian Assessment, 94
Global Earth Observatory System of Systems
(GEOSS), 73
Global Footprint Network, 14
Global ocean, 163
Global Treaty on Migratory Species, 257
Global warming, 57, 68, 144. See also Climate
change
burning of tropical forests and, 226–27
environmental refugees and, 129
extinction of toad, frog species and, 87
forests and, 222, 222f
Louisiana coast and, 178, 178f
permafrost and, 150, 152
polar bears and, 203
scientifi c consensus on, 33b
as threat to kelp forests, 104b
Golden Gate Park, 244
Golden toad, 87, 87f
Gombe National Park, 205b
Goodall, Jane, 204, 205b
Grasslands, 150
management of, 231–33
types of, 150–152, 151f
Gravity, 56
Gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park,
reintroducing, 214, 235b, 245
Graying of America, 132
Grazing and urban development in American
West, 233
Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 262f
Great Lakes and invasive species, 269–70, 269f
Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the
Experience (Maathai), 230b
Green Belt program in Kenya, 230b
Green careers
bioprospector, 190
ecologist, 72
ecosystem modeler, 73
ecotourism guide, 190
fi shery management, 271
GIS analyst, 73
limnology, 271
paleontologist, 81
reconciliation ecology specialist, 244
remote sensing analyst, 73
rooftop garden designer, 244
sustainable forestry, 227
wetlands restoration expert, 266
wildlife biology, 271
Greenhouse effect, 144
Greenhouse gases, 33b,54,57, 144
warming of lower atmosphere and, 144
Grizzly bears and army cutworm moths, 102
Gross national product (GDP), 10
Gross primary productivity (GPP), 64