222 thE sudan handbookThe SPLA learned at least one lesson from the Addis Ababa Agree-
ment, and it has not been absorbed into the SAF. The regular army has
been largely withdrawn from the south, and the southern militias have
been absorbed into either the SPLA or SAF. The SPLA and the SAF
have formed Joint Integrated Units (JIUs) for deployment in Abyei, the
Nuba Mountains, Blue Nile and parts of the south. These JIUs have been
characterized as neither joint nor integrated and are often the focus of
violent tensions, as the fighting in Malakal in 2006 and 2009 has shown.
The 10,000 strong UNMIS force who are supposed to monitor the cease-
fire have found their movements and activities restricted by both sides.
The security situation in Southern Sudan remains fragile.Recommended Reading
Albino, Oliver. The Sudan: A Southern Viewpoint. London: Oxford University
Press, 1970.
Beshir, Mohamed Omer. The Southern Sudan: Background to Conflict. London: C.
Hurst and Co, 1968.
Johnson, Douglas H. The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars. Oxford: James
Currey Publishers, 2003 & revised edition, 2011.
Lagu, Joseph. Sudan Odyssey through a State: From Ruin to Hope. Omdurman:
MOB Centre for Sudanese Studies, 2006.
Nyaba, Peter Adwok. The Politics of Liberation in South Sudan: An Insider’s View.
Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 1997 & 2000.
Wawa, Yosa. Southern Sudanese Pursuits of Self-Determination: Documents in
Political History. Kisubi:Marianum Press, 2005.The Sudan Handbook, edited by John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Madut Jok. © 2011 Rift Valley Institute and contributors
(www.riftvalley.net).