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Natasha J. CabreraFETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), caused by exposure of
the fetus to alcohol, is diagnosed on the basis of three
types of birth defects: growth retardation, physical
anomalies, and central nervous system dysfunction.
The amount of alcohol necessary to cause FAS is un-
known, but is thought to be related to timing and du-
ration of exposure. The best intervention is
prevention. Encouraging women to abstain from al-
cohol use during pregnancy is the best way to prevent
FAS.
There is no cure for FAS, only treatment for the
associated complications such as attention deficit dis-
order. Children diagnosed with FAS are at risk for
long-term effects. Facial characteristics, frequently as-
sociated with FAS, may change with age. However,
growth problems persist throughout adulthood. The
most serious birth defects relate to the central ner-
vous system, and these also continue into adulthood.
Affected children may have decreased IQ scores and
behavioral disorders. The incidence of FAS is 1 to 2
infants per 1,000 live births.See also: BIRTH DEFECTS; SUBSTANCE ABUSEBibliography
Bauer, Charles. ‘‘Perinatal Effects of Perinatal Drug Exposure Neo-
natal Aspects.’’ Clinics in Perinatology 26 (1999):87–106.
Jones, K. L. ‘‘Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.’’ Pediatrics in Review
8(1996):122–126.
Kenner, Carole, and Karen D’Apolito. ‘‘Outcomes for Children Ex-
posed to Drugs In Utero.’’ Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and
Neonatal Nursing 26 (1997):595–603.
Martinez, Alma, J. Colin Partridge, Xylina Bean, and H. William
Taeusch. ‘‘Perinatal Substance Abuse.’’ In H. William Taeusch
and Roberta Ballard eds., Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn. Phila-
delphia: W. B. Saunders, 1998.
Meica M. Efird152 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME