Child Development

Granville Stanley Hall (sitting center) was the first president of American Psychological Association.

(Corbis-Bettmann)

Bibliography
Appley, Mortimer Herbert. ‘‘G. Stanley Hall: Vow on Mount
Owen.’’ In Stewart H. Hulse and Bert F. Green, Jr. eds., One
Hundred Years of Psychological Research in America: G. Stanley
Hall and the Johns Hopkins Tradition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1986.
Cairns, Robert B. ‘‘The Making of Developmental Psychology.’’ In
Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 1, 5th edition, edited by
Richard M. Lerner. New York: Wiley, 1998.
Dixon, Roger A., and Richard M. Lerner. ‘‘A History of Systems in
Developmental Psychology.’’ In Developmental Psychology: An
Advanced Textbook, 3rd edition, edited by Marc H. Bornstein
and Michael E. Lamb. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,
1992.
Morss, John R. The Biologizing of Childhood: Developmental Psychology
and the Darwinian Myth. Hove, United Kingdom: Lawrence
Erlbaum, 1990.
Ross, Dorothy G. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1972.
White, Sheldon H. ‘‘G. Stanley Hall: From Philosophy to Develop-
mental Psychology.’’ Developmental Psychology 28 (1992):25–
34.

Publications by Hall
‘‘The Contents of Children’s Minds on Entering School.’’ Pedagogi-
cal Seminary 1 (1891):139–173.
Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology,
Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education. New York: Apple-
ton, 1904.
Senescence, the Last Half of the Life. New York: Appleton, 1922.

Hideo Kojima

HANDEDNESS

The term ‘‘handedness’’ typically refers to a person’s

preference for the use of a particular hand in familiar,

unimanual tasks such as handwriting and throwing a

ball. Depending on the criteria used, 65 to 90 percent

of adults are right-handed, about 4 percent are left-

handed, and the rest are mixed-handed, preferring

the right hand for some tasks and the left for others.

The tendency to prefer the right hand exists across

cultures, and fossil evidence suggests that this prefer-

ence dates to prehistoric times. Some bias toward the

use of the right hand is evident even before birth, but

within individual infants, hand preference often var-

ies across time and tasks. It is not until sometime in

the second year after birth that handedness becomes

clearly established for the majority of children. Be-

cause the preferred hand is controlled by the opposite

cerebral hemisphere, handedness brings up impor-

tant questions about how functional differences devel-

op between the two sides of the brain.

See also: DEVELOPMENTAL NORMS; MOTOR

DEVELOPMENT

Bibliography

Young, Gerald, Sidney Segalowitz, Carl Corter, and Sandra Tre-

hub, eds. Manual Specialization and the Developing Brain. New

York: Academic Press, 1983.

Gwen E. Gustafson

Xin Chen

172 HANDEDNESS