Child Development

Anthony Amsterdam, Minding the Law (2000) and The
Uses of Narrative: Law, Literature, and Life (forthcom-
ing).

Bruner’s contributions to psychology and to
scholarship generally have been acknowledged
through two Festschrifts dedicated to him: The Social
Foundations of Language and Thought: Essays in Honor
of Jerome S. Bruner (Olson, 1980) and Language, Cul-
ture, Self: The Philosophy of Jerome Bruner (Bakhurst and
Shanker, 2001); the International Balzan Prize
(1987); and the awarding of twenty-four honorary de-
grees from around the world, including Geneva, Har-
vard University, and University of California,
Berkeley.

Bibliography

Publications by Bruner
Beyond the Information Given: Studies in the Psychology of Knowing.
New York: Norton, 1973.
Child’s Talk: Learning to Use Language. New York: Norton, 1983.
In Search of Mind: Essays in Autobiography. New York: Harper and
Row, 1983.
The Culture of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1996.
Bruner, Jerome S., and Anthony Amsterdam. Minding the Law.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
David R. Olson

BULLYING

Bullying involves teasing, insulting, tormenting, in-
timidating, or being verbally or physically aggressive

toward a victim. Bullying behavior may also be indi-

rect, taking the form of rumors, social exclusion,

nasty notes, and other insidious means. Bullying is

typically repetitive in nature, with bullies targeting

victims repeatedly. This behavior tends to be sus-

tained over a long period of time—it frequently per-

sists over a year or more. Bullying can be carried out

by a single child or groups of children. This behavior

is more common among children with psychological

disturbances and tends to be more frequently seen in

boys than in girls. The behavior often creates an at-

mosphere of fear and intimidation among those af-

fected. The bully-victim interaction is characterized

by an imbalance of power; that is, the victim is or feels

incapable of defending him- or herself, and the bully

is or is perceived to be more powerful than the victim.

See also: FRIENDSHIP; VIOLENCE

Bibliography

Boulton, Michael. ‘‘Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations be-

tween Children’s Playground Behavior and Social Preference,

Victimization, and Bullying.’’ Child Development 70

(1999):944–954.

Kumpulainen, Kirsti, Eila Rasanen, Irmeli Henttonen, et al. ‘‘Bul-

lying and Psychiatric Symptoms among Elementary School-

Age Children.’’ Child Abuse and Neglect 22 (1998):705–717.

Olweus, Dan. Bullying in School: What We Know and What We Can Do.

Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.

Smith, Peter, and Paul Brain. ‘‘Bullying in Schools: Lessons from

Two Decades of Research.’’ Aggressive Behavior 26 (2000):1–9.

Michele Knox

72 BULLYING