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of neuroleptics can sometimes reduce stereotypies, ADHD symptoms, self-
injury and agitation, perhaps particularly in adolescents with intellectual
disability and features of autism. Stimulants may sometimes improve the
ADHD symptoms of children with IQs of around 40 or more, but rarely
work for children with lower IQs. At any IQ, stimulants may exacerbate
coexistent ritualistic and repetitive behaviours.
Subject review
Einfeld S, Emerson E. (2008) Intellectual disability.In: Rutter Met al.
(eds)Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 5th edn. Wiley-Blackwell,
Chichester, pp. 820–840.
Skuse DH, Seigal, A. (2008) Behavioral phenotypes and chromosomal
disorders.In: Rutter M et al. (eds)Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
5th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp. 359–376.
Further reading
Di Nuovo S, Buono S. (2011) Behavioral phenotypes of genetic syndromes
with intellectual disability: Comparison of adaptive profiles.Psychiatry
Research 189 , 440–445.
Moldavsky M.et al. (2001) Behavioral phenotypes of genetic syndromes: A
reference guide for psychiatrists.Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry 40 , 749–761.