Index 383‘cost of illness’ studies, 314, 315
counselling, 342–3
criminality, 79
genetic v. environmental factors, 82, 277–8
impact of resilience factors, 314
see alsojuvenile delinquency
cross-cultural differences, 40
cybernetics, 260, 344
delay aversion, 61
deliberate self-harm (DSH), 118–21
dementia, 50, 242–3, 247
dependence syndrome, 206–7
depression, 102–8
associated features, 105
causation, 105
classification, 27 , 28, 104–5
comorbidity, 34 , 37, 92, 105
differential diagnosis, 105
as disorder, 103
features, 103
prevalence, 33 , 37, 104, 190, 191
school refusal and, 90, 92, 93
as single symptom, 102
as symptom cluster, 102–3
treatment, 93, 106–7, 337–8
depressive equivalents, 104
deprivation, and autism, 51
desensitisation, 97, 128, 328, 332
desmopressin, 153, 156, 322
development delays, 5
Development and Well-Being Assessment, 33
developmental disorders, 27–8, 27
dexamfetamine, 62, 321
diagnostic groupings, 27–9
current practice, 26–9
multiaxial schemes, 29
principles, 22–6
dietary intolerance, 325
dietary treatment, 63, 76, 325–6
dieting, anorexia and, 200–1
differential reinforcement, 331
disinhibited attachment disorder, 145–6
disintegrative disorder, 50–1
disruptive behavioural disorders, 65–78
and ADHD, 56, 59, 70, 71
assessment, 74–5
associated features, 68–70
causation, 72–4
continuity and outcome, 77
differential diagnosis, 70–1
epidemiology, 71–2
as psychiatric problem, 67
and substance use/abuse, 206
symptoms and signs, 68–9
treatment, 75–7
diurnal enuresis, 151, 157
divorce, as stressful experience, 153, 285
Down syndrome children and adolescents,
167, 232
drug abuse, 204
prevention programmes, 209, 316
DSM-III criteria, 8, 36
DSM-IV criteria, 26–7, 29
Dunedin longitudinal study, 38, 71, 72
dyskinesias, 59, 137, 324
dyslexia, 254–5
early life programming, 280
eating disorders, 199–203
educational failure, 69, 83
educational programmes, ADHD, 61
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 326
emotional abuse, 210, 214–15
emotional disorders/symptoms, 4–5, 27, 27 ,
28, 219
and ADHD, 59
see alsoanxiety; depression
emotional regulation, 218, 289
enuresis, 28, 151–8
nocturnal/diurnal, 151
primary/secondary, 152
and psychiatric problems, 157–8
enuresis alarm, 155
environmental factors, 272–3
distinction between shared and non-shared
environments, 272–3, 276–7
effects, 274, 275–6
interaction with genetic factors, 277–9
see alsonon-shared environment; shared
environment
epidemiological studies, 33–41
advantages, 31
limitations, 31–2
stages, 32–3
epidemiology, 31–42
epigenetics, 279–80
epilepsy, 60, 73, 154, 179, 230, 239, 240 , 255
treatment, 53–4, 325, 326
ethnic/race differences, 40, 81, 116
ethology, 259
exclusion criteria/rules, 57
explanatory models, 3, 11–12
externalising disorders, 27, 27 ,28
extinction, 328, 331
eye-movement desensitisation and
reprocessing (EMDR), 128
factor analysis, 24
faecal soiling, 159–62
associated psychiatric disorders, 161–2
types, 159–61
failure to thrive, 213
Families and Schools Together (FASTrack)
project, 315–16
family background
beliefs and values, 11–12, 172–3
discord, 287–8
intervention considerations, 301–2
observation of, 16–17
size of family unit, 82, 287
family factors, 82–3, 90–1, 142, 175–6, 183 ,
263, 271
family genogram [family tree], 347