Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

xvi Contents

  - 1-1Replacing Tissues and Organs,

  - 1-2Visualizing the Interior of the Body,

  - 2-1Blood Gases,

  - 2-2Nitric Oxide,

  - 2-3Lipids in the Blood,

  - 2-4A Protein Mystery: Prions,

  - 3-1Terminology of Solutions,

  - 3-2Genetic Disease – Sickle-Cell Anemia,

  - 3-3Abnormal Cellular Functioning – Cancer,

  - 4-1Cystic Fibrosis,

  - 4-2Vitamin C and Collagen,

  - 4-3Cosmetic Collagen,

  - 5-1Burns, 92–

  - 5-2Preventing Skin Cancer: Common Sense and Sunscreens,

  - 5-3Common Skin Disorders,

  - 5-4Administering Medications,

  - 6-1Fractures and Their Repair,

  - 6-2Osteoporosis,

  - 6-3Herniated Disc,

  - 6-4Abnormalities of the Curves of the Spine,

  - 6-5Arthritis,

  - 7-1Anabolic Steroids,

  - 7-2Tetanus and Botulism,

  - 7-3Muscular Dystrophy,

  - 7-4Myasthenia Gravis,

  - 7-5Common Injection Sites,

  - 8-1Multiple Sclerosis,

  - 8-2Shingles,

  - 8-3Spinal Cord Injuries,

  - 8-4Cerebrovascular Accidents,

  - 8-5Aphasia,

  - 8-6Alzheimer’s Disease,

  - 8-7Parkinson’s Disease,

  - 8-8Lumbar Puncture,

  - 9-1Cataracts,

  - 9-2Glaucoma,

  - 9-3Errors of Refraction,

  - 9-4Night Blindness and Color Blindness,

  - 9-5Deafness,

  - 9-6Motion Sickness,

• 10-1Disorders of Growth Hormone,


• 10-2Disorders of Thyroxine,


• 10-3Diabetes Mellitus,


• 10-4Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex,


• 11-1Anemia,


• 11-2Jaundice,


• 11-3Rh Disease of the Newborn,


• 11-4Leukemia,


• 11-5White Blood Cell Types: HLA,


• 11-6Hemophilia,


• 11-7Dissolving Clots,


• 12-1Coronary Artery Disease,


• 00Scanlon(p3) Cover 8/17/06 10:39 AM Page (List of boxes continued on inside back cover)


• CHAPTER 1 Organization and General Plan of the Body Contents
  
  
  • Levels of Organization,
  
  
  • Metabolism and Homeostasis,
  
  
  • Terminology and General Plan of the Body,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 2 Some Basic Chemistry
  
  
  • Elements,
  
  
  • Atoms,
  
  
  • Chemical Bonds,
  
  
  • Chemical Reactions,
  
  
  • Inorganic Compounds of Importance,
  
  
  • Organic Compounds of Importance,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 3 Cells
  
  
  • Cell Structure,
  
  
  • Cellular Transport Mechanisms,
  
  
  • The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis,
  
  
  • Cell Division,
  
  
  • Aging and Cells,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 4 Tissues and Membranes
  
  
  • Epithelial Tissue,
  
  
  • Connective Tissue,
  
  
  • Muscle Tissue,
  
  
  • Nerve Tissue,
  
  
  • Membranes,
  
  
  • Aging and Tissues,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 5 The Integumentary System
  
  
  • The Skin,
  
  
  • Subcutaneous Tissue,
  
  
  • Aging and the Integumentary System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 6 The Skeletal System
  
  
  • Functions of the Skeleton,
  
  
  • Types of Bone Tissue,
  
  
  • Classification of Bones,
  
  
  • Embryonic Growth of Bone,
  
  
  • Factors That Affect Bone Growth and Maintenance,
  
  
  • The Skeleton,
  
  
  • Joints—Articulations,
  
  
  • Aging and the Skeletal System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 7 The Muscular System
  
  
  • Muscle Structure,
  
  
  • Muscle Tone,
  
  
  • Muscle Sense,
  
  
  • Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction,
  
  
  • Muscle Fiber—Microscopic Structure,
  
  
  • Contraction—The Sliding Filament Mechanism,
  
  
  • Responses to Exercise—Maintaining Homeostasis,
  
  
  • Aging and the Muscular System,
  
  
  • Major Muscles of the Body,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 8 The Nervous System
  
  
  • Nervous System Divisions,
  
  
  • Nerve Tissue,
  
  
  • Types of Neurons,
  
  
  • Nerves and Nerve Tracts,
  
  
  • The Nerve Impulse,
  
  
  • The Spinal Cord,
  
  
  • The Brain,
  
  
  • Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid,
  
  
  • Cranial Nerves,
  
  
  • The Autonomic Nervous System,
  
  
  • Aging and the Nervous System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 9 The Senses
  
  
  • Sensory Pathway,
  
  
  • Characteristics of Sensations,
  
  
  • Cutaneous Senses,
  
  
  • Muscle Sense,
  
  
  • Sense of Taste,
  
  
  • Sense of Smell,
  
  
  • Hunger and Thirst,
  
  
  • The Eye,
  
  
  • The Ear,
  
  
  • Arterial Receptors,
  
  
  • Aging and the Senses,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 10 The Endocrine System
  
  
  • Chemistry of Hormones,
  
  
  • Regulation of Hormone Secretion,
  
  
  • The Pituitary Gland,
  
  
  • Thyroid Gland,
  
  
  • Parathyroid Glands,
  
  
  • Pancreas,
  
  
  • Adrenal Glands,
  
  
  • Ovaries,
  
  
  • Testes,
  
  
  • Other Hormones,
  
  
  • Mechanisms of Hormone Action,
  
  
  • Aging and the Endocrine System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 11 Blood
  
  
  • Characteristics of Blood,
  
  
  • Plasma,
  
  
  • Blood Cells,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 12 The Heart
  
  
  • Location and Pericardial Membranes,
  
  
  • Chambers—Vessels and Valves,
  
  
  • Coronary Vessels,
  
  
  • Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds,
  
  
  • Cardiac Conduction Pathway,
  
  
  • Heart Rate,
  
  
  • Cardiac Output,
  
  
  • Regulation of Heart Rate,
  
  
  • Aging and the Heart,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 13 The Vascular System
  
  
  • Arteries,
  
  
  • Veins,
  
  
  • Capillaries,
  
  
  • Pathways of Circulation,
  
  
  • Velocity of Blood Flow,
  
  
  • Blood Pressure,
  
  
  • Regulation of Blood Pressure,
  
  
  • Aging and the Vascular System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
  
  
  • Lymph,
  
  
  • Lymph Vessels,
  
  
  • Lymphatic Tissue,
  
  
  • Immunity,
  
  
  • Aging and the Lymphatic System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 15 The Respiratory System
  
  
  • Divisions of the Respiratory System,
  
  
  • Mechanism of Breathing,
  
  
  • Pulmonary Volumes,
  
  
  • Exchange of Gases,
  
  
  • Transport of Gases in the Blood,
  
  
  • Regulation of Respiration,
  
  
  • Respiration and Acid–Base Balance,
  
  
  • Aging and the Respiratory System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 16 The Digestive System
  
  
  • Divisions of the Digestive System,
  
  
  • Types of Digestion,
  
  
  • Oral Cavity,
  
  
  • Pharynx,
  
  
  • Esophagus,
  
  
  • Structural Layers of the Alimentary Tube,
  
  
  • Stomach,
  
  
  • Small Intestine,
  
  
  • Liver,
  
  
  • Gallbladder,
  
  
  • Pancreas,
  
  
  • Completion of Digestion and Absorption,
  
  
  • Large Intestine,
  
  
  • Other Functions of the Liver,
  
  
  • Aging and the Digestive System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 17 Body Temperature and Metabolism
  
  
  • Body Temperature,
  
  
  • Metabolism,
  
  
  • Aging and Metabolism,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 18 The Urinary System
  
  
  • Kidneys,
  
  
  • Formation of Urine,
  
  
  • The Kidneys and Acid–Base Balance,
  
  
  • Other Functions of the Kidneys,
  
  
  • Elimination of Urine,
  
  
  • Characteristics of Urine,
  
  
  • Aging and the Urinary System,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 19 Fluid–Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance
  
  
  • Water Compartments,
  
  
  • Water Intake and Output,
  
  
  • Electrolytes,
  
  
  • Acid–Base Balance,
  
  
  • Aging and Fluid and pH Regulation,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 20 The Reproductive Systems
  
  
  • Meiosis,
  
  
  • Male Reproductive System,
  
  
  • Female Reproductive System,
  
  
  • Aging and the Reproductive Systems,
  
  
  
  


• CHAPTER 21 Human Development and Genetics
  
  
  • Human Development,
  
  
  • Genetics,
  
  
  
  


• and Human Disease CHAPTER 22 An Introduction to Microbiology


• Classification of Microorganisms,


• Normal Flora,


• Infectious Disease,


• Epidemiology,


• Methods of Control of Microbes,


• The Pathogens,


• Appendixes
  
  
  • A Units of Measure,
  
  
  • B Abbreviations,
  
  
  • C Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Blood Tests,
  
  
  • D Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Urine Tests,
  
  
  • E Eponymous Terms,
    
    
    • Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology, F Prefixes, Combining Word Roots, and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • G Answers to the Illustration Questions,
  
  
  
  


• Glossary


• Index