Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

2. Age—metabolic rate is highest in young children
   and decreases with age.


3. Body configuration—more surface area propor-
   tional to weight (tall and thin) means a higher
   metabolic rate.


4. Sex hormones—men usually have a higher meta-
   bolic rate than do women; men have more muscle
   proportional to fat than do women.
   5. Sympathetic stimulation—metabolic activity in-
   creases in stress situations.
   6. Decreased food intake—metabolic rate decreases
   to conserve available energy sources.
   7. Climate—people who live in cold climates usually
   have higher metabolic rates because of a greater
   need for heat production.

Body Temperature and Metabolism 415

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State the normal range of human body temperature
   in °F and °C. (p. 396)


2. State the summary equation of cell respiration, and
   state what happens to (or the purpose of) each of
   the products. (p. 401)


3. Describe the role of each in heat production: thy-
   roxine, skeletal muscles, stress situations, and the
   liver. (p. 396)


4. Describe the two mechanisms of heat loss through
   the skin, and explain the role of blood flow.
   Describe how heat is lost through the respiratory
   tract. (pp. 397–398)


5. Explain the circumstances that exist when sweating
   and vasodilation in the dermis are not effective
   mechanisms of heat loss. (p. 397)


6. Name the part of the brain that regulates body
   temperature, and explain what is meant by a ther-
   mostat. (p. 398)


7. Describe the responses by the body to a warm envi-
   ronment and to a cold environment. (pp. 399)


8. Explain how pyrogens are believed to cause a fever,
   and give two examples of pyrogens. (p. 399)
   9. Define metabolism, anabolism, catabolism, kilo-
   calorie, and metabolic rate. (pp. 400, 401, 405,
   408)


9. Name the three stages of the cell respiration
   of glucose and state where in the cell each takes
   place and whether or not oxygen is required.
   (pp. 403)


10. For each, state the molecules that enter the
    process and the results of the process: glycolysis,
    Krebs cycle, and cytochrome transport system.
    (pp. 403–405)


11. Explain how fatty acids, glycerol, and excess
    amino acids are used for energy production in cell
    respiration. (pp. 403, 405)


12. Describe the synthesis uses for glucose, amino
    acids, and fatty acids. (pp. 406–408)


13. Describe four factors that affect the metabolic
    rate of an active person. (pp. 410, 412)


14. If lunch consists of 60 grams of carbohydrate,
    15 grams of protein, and 10 grams of fat, how
    many kilocalories are provided by this meal?
    (p. 405)

FOR FURTHER THOUGHT

1. For many people, iceberg lettuce is the vegetable
   eaten most often. What does lettuce provide? What
   does lettuce lack, compared to vegetables such as
   broccoli?


2. Fourteen-year-old Donna has just decided that eat-
   ing meat is “gross,” and that she will be a vegetar-
   ian. What difficulties are there with such a diet;

that is, what nutrients may be lacking? How may

they be obtained?

3. Studies with animals have shown that caloric
   restriction may prolong life by protecting the brain
   from some effects of aging. The animals’ diet was
   about half the usual calories they would consume.
   For people, 1250 to 1500 calories per day would be