Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

440

CHAPTER 19

M

Chapter Outline

Water Compartments
Water Intake and Output
Regulation of Water Intake and Output
Electrolytes
Electrolytes in Body Fluids
Intake, Output, and Regulation
Acid–Base Balance
Buffer Systems
Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system
Respiratory Mechanisms
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
Respiratory compensation for metabolic pH
changes
Renal Mechanisms
Effects of pH Changes
Aging and Fluid and pH Regulation

BOX19–1 EDEMA

BOX19–2 ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES

Student Objectives

• Describe the water compartments and the name
  for the water in each.


• Explain how water moves between compartments.


• Explain the regulation of the intake and output of
  water.


• Name the major electrolytes in body fluids, and
  state their functions.


• Explain the regulation of the intake and output of
  electrolytes.


• Describe the three buffer systems in body fluids.


• Explain why the respiratory system has an effect
  on pH, and describe respiratory compensating
  mechanisms.


• Explain the renal mechanisms for pH regulation
  of extracellular fluid.


• Describe the effects of acidosis and alkalosis.