Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

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APPENDIX G

Answers to Illustration Questions

CHAPTER 1

1–1: The circulatory system works directly with the

urinary system. Notice the red artery and blue

vein entering the left kidney.

1–2: See Table 1–1.

1–3: For the negative feedback mechanism, the brake

is in the cycle itself, the rise in metabolic rate

that inhibits the hypothalamus and pituitary

gland. For the positive feedback mechanism, the

brake is outside the cycle, the white blood cells

destroying the bacteria.

1–4: The femoral area contains the femur, the patellar

area the patella, the frontal area the frontal bone,

the temporal area the temporal bone; there are

others.

1–5: The cranial, vertebral, and thoracic cavities are

surrounded by bone. (Let’s go a step further:

Name the organs in these cavities that are pro-

tected by bone.)

1–6: Any tubular organ would have similar sections:

an artery, a vein, the esophagus, or the trachea.

1–7: The small and large intestines are in all four

quadrants.

CHAPTER 2

2–1: The charge of this atom is neutral because the

number of protons equals the number of elec-

trons (all atoms are neutral).

2–2: The sodium ion has 10 electrons (it lost one) but

still has 11 protons; therefore, it has a charge

of 1.

2–3: The bond of the oxygen molecule is a double

covalent bond: two pairs of shared electrons.

(Let’s go a step further: Which atom is able to

form four covalent bonds?)

2–4: Plasma, tissue fluid, and lymph are extracellular

fluids.

2–5: The pH range of blood is very narrow and

slightly alkaline. The pH range of urine is much

greater, from slightly alkaline to moderately

acidic.

2–6: The chemical formula for glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6.

(A step further: What is a disaccharide made

of? A polysaccharide?)

2–7: A diglyceride consists of a glycerol with two

fatty acid chains.

2–8: Myoglobin contains iron; iron enables myoglo-

bin to store oxygen. (This information was in

Tables 2–2 and 2–5.)

2–9: Picture D; excess hydrogen ions would block

the active site just as a heavy metal ion would.

2–10: Adenine paired with guanine would be too wide

to fit between the uprights of the DNA ladder,

and hydrogen bonds would not form between

them. (A step further: State two structural dif-

ferences between DNA and RNA.)

CHAPTER 3

3–1: The receptor site is probably a protein; a cell

has many different protein receptor sites on its

membrane.

3–2: Cilia project through the cell membrane and

have an anchor inside; microvilli are folds of the

cell membrane. (Let’s go a step further: What

are the functions of cilia and microvilli?)

3–3:Filtration depends upon blood pressure.

Phagocytosis depends upon the movement of

WBCs. (A step further: What does diffusion

depend upon, and what does active transport

depend upon?)

3–4: One tRNA attachment site bonds to a specific

amino acid. The other site is the anticodon that

will bond to a complementary codon on the

mRNA.

3–5: A pair of identical chromatids is made of the

original DNA molecule and its copy (which was

synthesized during interphase). (A step further:

When do the chromatids separate and become

individual chromosomes?)

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