564 Glossarycose to glycogen to be stored as potential energy
(Chapter 10).
Glycogenolysis(GLY-koh-jen-AHL-i-sis) The conversion
of stored glycogen to glucose to be used for energy pro-
duction (Chapter 10).
Glycolysis(gly-KAHL-ah-sis) The first stage of the cell res-
piration of glucose, in which glucose is broken down to
two molecules of pyruvic acid and ATP is formed; anaer-
obic; takes place in the cytoplasm of cells (Chapter 17).
Glycosuria(GLY-kos-YOO-ree-ah) The presence of glu-
cose in urine; often an indication of diabetes mellitus
(Chapter 18).
Goblet cell(GAHB-let) Unicellular glands that secrete
mucus; found in the respiratory and GI mucosa (Chap-
ter 4).
Goiter(GOY-ter) An enlargement of the thyroid gland,
often due to a lack of dietary iodine (Chapter 10).
Golgi apparatus(GOHL-jee) A cell organelle found in the
cytoplasm; synthesizes carbohydrates and packages mate-
rials for secretion from the cell (Chapter 3).
Gonadotropic hormone (GAH-nah-doh-TROH-pik) A
hormone that has its effects on the ovaries or testes
(gonads); FSH and LH (Chapter 10).
Gonorrhea (GAH-nuh-REE-ah) A sexually transmitted
disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae;
may also cause conjunctivitis in newborns of infected
women (Chapter 20).
Graafian follicle(GRAF-ee-uhn FAH-li-kuhl) A mature
ovarian follicle that releases an ovum (Chapter 20).
Gram negative(GRAM NEG-uh-tiv) Bacteria that appear
red or pink after Gram staining (Chapter 22).
Gram positive(GRAM PAHS-uh-tiv) Bacteria that appear
purple or blue after Gram staining (Chapter 22).
Gram stain(GRAM STAYN) A staining procedure for bac-
teria to make them visible microscopically and to deter-
mine their Gram reaction, which is important in the
identification of bacteria (Chapter 22).
Graves’ disease(GRAYVES) Hypersecretion of thyroxine,
believed to be an autoimmune disease; symptoms reflect
the elevated metabolic rate (Chapter 10).
Gray matter(GRAY) Nerve tissue within the central nerv-
ous system that consists of the cell bodies of neurons
(Chapter 8).
Growth hormone (GH)(GROHTH HOR-mohn) A hor-
mone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that
increases the rate of cell division and protein synthesis
(Chapter 10).
Gyrus(JIGH-rus) A fold or ridge, as in the cerebral cortex
(Syn.—convolution) (Chapter 8).—H—
Hair(HAIR) An accessory skin structure produced in a hair
follicle (Chapter 5).Hair cells(HAIR SELLS) Cells with specialized microvilli
(called stereocilia) found in the inner ear; the receptors
for hearing (cochlea), static equilibrium (utricle and sac-
cule), and motion equilibrium (semicircular canals)
(Chapter 9).
Hair follicle(HAIR FAH-li-kuhl) The structure within the
skin in which a hair grows (Chapter 5).
Hair root(HAIR ROOT) The site of mitosis at the base of
a hair follicle; new cells become the hair shaft (Chapter 5).
Haploid number(HA-ployd) Half the usual number of
chromosomes found in the cells of a species. Characteris-
tic of the gametes of the species (human 23) (Chap-
ter 3).
Hard palate(HARD PAL-uht) The anterior portion of the
palate formed by the maxillae and the palatine bones
(Chapter 6).
Haustra(HOWS-trah) The pouches of the colon (Chap-
ter 16).
Haversian system(ha-VER-zhun) The structural unit of
compact bone, consisting of a central haversian canal sur-
rounded by concentric rings of osteocytes within matrix
(Syn.—osteon) (Chapter 4).
Heart murmur(HART MUR-mur) An abnormal heart
sound heard during the cardiac cycle; often caused by a
malfunctioning heart valve (Chapter 12).
Heat exhaustion(HEET eks-ZAWS-chun) A state of
weakness and dehydration caused by excessive loss
of body water and sodium chloride in sweat; the result of
exposure to heat or of strenuous exercise (Chapter 17).
Heat stroke(HEET STROHK) An acute reaction to heat
exposure in which there is failure of the temperature-
regulating mechanisms; sweating ceases, and body tem-
perature rises sharply (Chapter 17).
Heimlich maneuver(HIGHM-lik ma-NEW-ver) A pro-
cedure used to remove foreign material lodged in the
pharynx, larynx, or trachea (Chapter 15).
Helix (HEE-liks) A coil or spiral. Double helix is the
descriptive term used for the shape of a DNA molecule:
two strands of nucleotides coiled around each other and
resembling a twisted ladder (Chapter 2).
Hematocrit (hee-MAT-oh-krit) A laboratory test that
determines the percentage of red blood cells in a given
volume of blood; part of a complete blood count (Chap-
ter 11).
Hematuria (HEM-uh-TYOO-ree-ah) The presence of
blood (RBCs) in urine (Chapter 18).
Hemodialysis(HEE-moh-dye-AL-i-sis) A technique for
providing the function of the kidneys by passing the
blood through tubes surrounded by solutions that selec-
tively remove waste products and excess minerals; may be
life-saving in cases of renal failure (Chapter 18).
Hemoglobin(HEE-muh-GLOW-bin) The protein in red
blood cells that contains iron and transports oxygen in
the blood (Chapter 7).30Scanlon(p3) Glossary 8/17/06 11:08 AM Page 564