Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

1. State the chemical symbol for each of the following
   elements: sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, oxy-
   gen, carbon, hydrogen, copper, and chlorine.
   (p. 24)


2. Explain, in terms of their electrons, how an atom of
   sodium and an atom of chlorine form a molecule of
   sodium chloride. (p. 25)


3. a. Explain, in terms of their electrons, how an
   atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen form a
   molecule of carbon dioxide. (pp. 26–28)
   b. Explain the functions of hydrogen bonds
   c. Explain the function of disulfide bonds


4. Name the subunits (smaller molecules) of which
   each of the following is made: DNA, glycogen, a
   true fat, and a protein. (pp. 34, 37, 41)


5. State precisely where in the body each of these flu-
   ids is found: plasma, intracellular water, lymph, and
   tissue fluid. (p. 29)


6. Explain the importance of the fact that water
   changes temperature slowly. (pp. 28–29)


7. Describe two ways in which the solvent ability of
   water is important to the body. (p. 28)


8. Name the organic molecule with each of the fol-
   lowing functions: (pp. 34–36, 42)
   a. The genetic code in chromosomes
   b. “Self ” antigens in our cell membranes
   c. The storage form for glucose in the liver

d. The storage form for excess food in adipose

tissue

e. The precursor molecule for the steroid hor-

mones

f. The undigested part of food that promotes

peristalsis

g. The sugars that are part of the nucleic acids

9. State the summary equation of cell respiration.
   (p. 30)


10. State the role or function of each of the following
    in cell respiration: CO 2 , glucose, O 2 , heat, and
    ATP. (p. 30)


11. State a specific function of each of the following
    in the human body: Ca, Fe, Na, I, and Co. (p. 31)


12. Explain, in terms of relative concentrations of H
    ions and OHions, each of the following: acid,
    base, and neutral substance. (p. 31)


13. State the normal pH range of blood. (p. 31)


14. Complete the following equation, and state how
    each of the products affects pH: (p. 33)

HCl NaHCO 3 →_______ _______.

15. Explain the active site theory of enzyme function-
    ing. (p. 38–39)


16. Explain the difference between a synthesis reac-
    tion and a decomposition reaction. (p. 28)

Some Basic Chemistry 45

REVIEW QUESTIONS

FOR FURTHER THOUGHT

1. Orange juice usually has a pH of around 4. How
   does this compare with the pH of the blood? Why
   is it possible for us to drink orange juice without
   disrupting the pH of our blood?


2. Estrela, age 7, has cereal with milk and sugar for
   breakfast, then walks to school. Explain the rela-
   tionship between eating and walking, and remem-
   ber that Estrela is breathing.
   3. The body is able to store certain nutrients. Name
   the storage forms, and state an advantage and a dis-
   advantage.
   4. Many “vitamin pills” also contain minerals. Which
   minerals are likely to be found in such dietary sup-
   plements? What purpose do they have; that is, what
   are their functions?