Basic Engineering Mathematics, Fifth Edition

viii Contents

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• 1 Basic arithmetic Instructor’s Manual xi
  
  
  • 1.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 1.2 Revision of addition and subtraction
  
  
  • 1.3 Revision of multiplication and division
    
    
    • common multiples 1.4 Highest common factors and lowest
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 1.5 Order of precedence and brackets
  
  
  
  


• 2 Fractions
  
  
  • 2.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 2.2 Adding and subtracting fractions
  
  
  • 2.3 Multiplication and division of fractions
  
  
  • 2.4 Order of precedence with fractions
  
  
  • Revision Test
  
  
  
  


• 3 Decimals
  
  
  • 3.1 Introduction
    
    
    • vice-versa 3.2 Converting decimals to fractions and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 3.3 Significant figures and decimal places
  
  
  • 3.4 Adding and subtracting decimal numbers
  
  
  • 3.5 Multiplying and dividing decimal numbers
  
  
  
  


• 4 Usingacalculator
  
  
  • 4.1 Introduction
    
    
    • dividing 4.2 Adding, subtracting, multiplying and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 4.3 Further calculator functions
  
  
  • 4.4 Evaluation of formulae
  
  
  
  


• 5 Percentages
  
  
  • 5.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 5.2 Percentage calculations
  
  
  • 5.3 Further percentage calculations
  
  
  • 5.4 More percentage calculations
  
  
  • Revision Test
  
  
  
  


• 6 Ratio and proportion
  
  
  • 6.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 6.2 Ratios
    
    
    • 6.3 Direct proportion
    
    
    • 6.4 Inverse proportion
    
    
    • 7 Powers, roots and laws of indices
      
      
      • 7.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 7.2 Powers and roots
      
      
      • 7.3 Laws of indices
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 8 Units, prefixes and engineering notation
      
      
      • 8.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 8.2 SI units
      
      
      • 8.3 Common prefixes
      
      
      • 8.4 Standard form
      
      
      • 8.5 Engineering notation
      
      
      • Revision Test
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 9 Basic algebra
      
      
      • 9.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 9.2 Basic operations
      
      
      • 9.3 Laws of indices
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 10 Further algebra
      
      
      • 10.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 10.2 Brackets
      
      
      • 10.3 Factorization
      
      
      • 10.4 Laws of precedence
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 11 Solving simple equations
      
      
      • 11.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 11.2 Solving equations
        
        
        • equations 11.3 Practical problems involving simple
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • Revision Test
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 12 Transposing formulae
      
      
      • 12.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 12.2 Transposing formulae
      
      
      • 12.3 Further transposing of formulae
      
      
      • 12.4 More difficult transposing of formulae
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 13 Solving simultaneous equations
      
      
      • 13.1 Introduction
        
        
        • unknowns 13.2 Solving simultaneous equations in two
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • 13.3 Further solving of simultaneous equations
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • equations 13.4 Solving more difficult simultaneous
    
    
    • equations 13.5 Practical problems involving simultaneous
    
    
    • unknowns 13.6 Solving simultaneous equations in three
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Revision Test
  
  
  
  


• 14 Solving quadratic equations
  
  
  • 14.1 Introduction
    
    
    • factorization 14.2 Solution of quadratic equations by
    
    
    • ‘completing the square’ 14.3 Solution of quadratic equations by
    
    
    • formula 14.4 Solution of quadratic equations by
    
    
    • equations 14.5 Practical problems involving quadratic
    
    
    • simultaneously 14.6 Solution of linear and quadratic equations
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 15 Logarithms
  
  
  • 15.1 Introduction to logarithms
  
  
  • 15.2 Laws of logarithms
  
  
  • 15.3 Indicial equations
  
  
  • 15.4 Graphs of logarithmic functions
  
  
  
  


• 16 Exponential functions
  
  
  • 16.1 Introduction to exponential functions
  
  
  • 16.2 The power series forex
  
  
  • 16.3 Graphs of exponential functions
  
  
  • 16.4 Napierian logarithms
  
  
  • 16.5 Laws of growth and decay
  
  
  • Revision Test
  
  
  
  


• 17 Straight line graphs
  
  
  • 17.1 Introduction to graphs
  
  
  • 17.2 Axes, scales and co-ordinates
  
  
  • 17.3 Straight line graphs
    
    
    • of graphs 17.4 Gradients, intercepts and equations
    
    
    • graphs 17.5 Practical problems involving straight line
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 18 Graphs reducing non-linear laws to linear form
  
  
  • 18.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 18.2 Determination of law
  
  
  • 18.3 Revision of laws of logarithms
  
  
  • 18.4 Determination of law involving logarithms
  
  
  
  


• 19 Graphical solution of equations
  
  
  • equations 19.1 Graphical solution of simultaneous
    
    
    • 19.2 Graphical solution of quadratic equations
      
      
      • equations simultaneously 19.3 Graphical solution of linear and quadratic
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 19.4 Graphical solution of cubic equations
    
    
    • Revision Test
    
    
    • 20 Angles and triangles
      
      
      • 20.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 20.2 Angular measurement
      
      
      • 20.3 Triangles
      
      
      • 20.4 Congruent triangles
      
      
      • 20.5 Similar triangles
      
      
      • 20.6 Construction of triangles
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 21 Introduction to trigonometry
      
      
      • 21.1 Introduction
      
      
      • 21.2 The theorem of Pythagoras
      
      
      • 21.3 Sines, cosines and tangents
        
        
        • angles 21.4 Evaluating trigonometric ratios of acute
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • 21.5 Solving right-angled triangles
      
      
      • 21.6 Angles of elevation and depression
      
      
      • Revision Test
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 22 Trigonometric waveforms
      
      
      • 22.1 Graphs of trigonometric functions
      
      
      • 22.2 Angles of any magnitude
      
      
      • 22.3 The production of sine and cosine waves
        
        
        • cosine waves 22.4 Terminology involved with sine and
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • 22.5 Sinusoidal form:Asin(ωt±α)
      
      
      • applications 23 Non-right-angled triangles and some practical
        
        
        • 23.1 The sine and cosine rules
        
        
        • 23.2 Area of any triangle
          
          
          • triangles and their areas 23.3 Worked problems on the solution of
          
          
          • of triangles and their areas 23.4 Further worked problems on the solution
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • 23.5 Practical situations involving trigonometry
          
          
          • trigonometry 23.6 Further practical situations involving
          
          
          
          
        
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 24 Cartesian and polar co-ordinates
      
      
      • 24.1 Introduction
        
        
        • co-ordinates 24.2 Changing from Cartesian to polar
        
        
        • co-ordinates 24.3 Changing from polar to Cartesian
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • 24.4 Use of Pol/Rec functions on calculators
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Revision Test Contents vii
  
  
  
  


• 25 Areas of common shapes
  
  
  • 25.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 25.2 Common shapes
  
  
  • 25.3 Areas of common shapes
  
  
  • 25.4 Areas of similar shapes
  
  
  
  


• 26 The circle
  
  
  • 26.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 26.2 Properties of circles
  
  
  • 26.3 Radians and degrees
  
  
  • 26.4 Arc length and area of circles and sectors
  
  
  • 26.5 The equation of a circle
  
  
  • Revision Test
  
  
  
  


• 27 Volumes of common solids
  
  
  • 27.1 Introduction
    
    
    • shapes 27.2 Volumes and surface areas of common
    
    
    • common solids 27.3 Summary of volumes and surface areas of
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 27.4 More complex volumes and surface areas
    
    
    • pyramids and cones 27.5 Volumes and surface areas of frusta of
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 27.6 Volumes of similar shapes
  
  
  
  


• 28 Irregular areas and volumes, and mean values
  
  
  • 28.1 Areas of irregular figures
  
  
  • 28.2 Volumes of irregular solids
  
  
  • 28.3 Mean or average values of waveforms
  
  
  • Revision Test
  
  
  
  


• 29 Vectors
  
  
  • 29.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 29.2 Scalars and vectors
  
  
  • 29.3 Drawing a vector
  
  
  • 29.4 Addition of vectors by drawing
    
    
    • vertical components 29.5 Resolving vectors into horizontal and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 29.6 Addition of vectors by calculation
  
  
  • 29.7 Vector subtraction
  
  
  • 29.8 Relative velocity
  
  
  • 29.9 i,jandknotation
  
  
  
  


• 30 Methods of adding alternating waveforms
  
  
  • 30.1 Combining two periodic functions
  
  
  • 30.2 Plotting periodic functions
  
  
  • 30.3 Determining resultant phasors by drawing
    
    
    • and cosine rules 30.4 Determining resultant phasors by the sine
    
    
    • horizontal and vertical components 30.5 Determining resultant phasors by
    
    
    • Revision Test
    
    
    • 31 Presentation of statistical data
      
      
      • 31.1 Some statistical terminology
      
      
      • 31.2 Presentation of ungrouped data
      
      
      • 31.3 Presentation of grouped data
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 32 Mean, median, mode and standard deviation
      
      
      • 32.1 Measures of central tendency
      
      
      • 32.2 Mean, median and mode for discrete data
      
      
      • 32.3 Mean, median and mode for grouped data
      
      
      • 32.4 Standard deviation
      
      
      • 32.5 Quartiles, deciles and percentiles
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 33 Probability
      
      
      • 33.1 Introduction to probability
      
      
      • 33.2 Laws of probability
      
      
      • Revision Test
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 34 Introduction to differentiation
      
      
      • 34.1 Introduction to calculus
      
      
      • 34.2 Functional notation
      
      
      • 34.3 The gradient of a curve
      
      
      • 34.4 Differentiation from first principles
        
        
        • general rule 34.5 Differentiation ofy=axnby the
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • 34.6 Differentiation of sine and cosine functions
      
      
      • 34.7 Differentiation ofeaxand lnax
      
      
      • 34.8 Summary of standard derivatives
      
      
      • 34.9 Successive differentiation
      
      
      • 34.10 Rates of change
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 35 Introduction to integration
      
      
      • 35.1 The process of integration
        
        
        • formaxn 35.2 The general solution of integrals of the
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • 35.3 Standard integrals
      
      
      • 35.4 Definite integrals
      
      
      • 35.5 The area under a curve
      
      
      • Revision Test
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • List of formulae
    
    
    • Answers to practice exercises
    
    
    • Index
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 36 Number sequences Preface iv
  
  
  • 36.1 Simple sequences
  
  
  • 36.2 Then’th term of a series
  
  
  • 36.3 Arithmetic progressions
  
  
  • 36.4 Geometric progressions
  
  
  
  


• 37 Binary, octal and hexadecimal
  
  
  • 37.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 37.2 Binary numbers
  
  
  • 37.3 Octal numbers
  
  
  • 37.4 Hexadecimal numbers
  
  
  
  


• 38 Inequalities
  
  
  • 38.1 Introduction to inequalities
  
  
  • 38.2 Simple inequalities
    
    
    • 38.3 Inequalities involving a modulus
    
    
    • 38.4 Inequalities involvingquotients
    
    
    • 38.5 Inequalities involving square functions
    
    
    • 38.6 Quadratic inequalities
    
    
    • 39 Graphs with logarithmic scales
      
      
      • graph paper 39.1 Logarithmic scales and logarithmic
      
      
      • 39.2 Graphs of the formy=axn
      
      
      • 39.3 Graphs of the formy=abx
      
      
      • 39.4 Graphs of the formy=aekx
      
      
      • Revision Test
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Answers to practice exercises