THE MISMEASURE OF MANto be separated in time from their better-endowed companions and
directed towards careers more suited to their temperament (1911, pp.
438-439)-
We do know that Lombroso's stigmata became important crite-
ria for judgment in many criminal trials. Again we cannot know
how many men were condemned unjustly because they were exten-
sively tattooed, failed to blush, or had unusually large jaws and
arms. E. Ferri, Lombroso's chief lieutenant, wrote (1897, pp. 166-
167):
A study of the anthropological factors of crime provides the guardians
and administrators of the law with new and more certain methods in the
detection of the guilty. Tattooing, anthropometry, physiognomy, physical
and mental conditions, records of sensibility, reflex activity, vaso-motor
reactions, the range of sight, the data of criminal statistics... will fre-
quently suffice to give police agents and examining magistrates a scientific
guidance in their inquiries, which now depend entirely on their individual
acuteness and mental sagacity. And when we remember the enormous
number of crimes and offenses which are not punished, for lack or inad-
equacy of evidence, and the frequency of trials which are based solely on
circumstantial hints, it is easy to see the practical utility of the primary
connection between criminal sociology and penal procedure.Lombroso detailed some of his experiences as an expert wit-
ness. Called upon to help decide which of two stepsons had killed
a woman, Lombroso declared (1911, p. 436) that one "was, in fact,
the most perfect type of the born criminal: enormous jaws, frontal
sinuses, and zygomata, thin upper lip, huge incisors, unusually
large head (1620 cc) [a mark of genius in other contexts, but not
here], tactile obtuseness with sensorial manicinism. He was con-
victed."
In another case, based on evidence that even he could not
depict as better than highly vague and circumstantial, Lombroso
argued for the conviction of a certain Fazio, accused of robbing
and murdering a rich farmer. One girl testified that she had seen
Fazio sleeping near the murdered man; the next morning he hid
as the gendarmes approached. No other evidence of his guilt was
offered:
Upon examination I found that this man had outstanding ears, great max-
illaries and cheek bones, lemurine appendix, division of the frontal bone,
premature wrinkles, sinister look, nose twisted to the right—in short, a
physiognomy approaching the criminal type; pupils very slightly mobile