Sustainable Agriculture and Food: Four volume set (Earthscan Reference Collections)

Environmental and Health Benefi ts of Hunting Lifestyles and Diets 115

peoples were shifted from being nomadic to settled. These vary from a low of 52kg
per person per year in Manitoba communities, to 96kg yr–1 for Inuit in Labrador,
115kg yr–1 for the James Bay Cree, 146kg yr–1 for Omushkego Cree in Ontario,
221kg yr–1 for groups in the Keewatin region, and 285kg yr–1 for the Inuit of north
Quebec (Mackey and Orr, 1987; Wein et al, 1991; Berkes et al, 1995a). These
amount to a daily consumption of between 140g and 781g of country food. Some
200g of country food supplies the recommended daily protein requirement for adult
males, while 175g is sufficient for adult females (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2). Clearly,
continuing to consume country food will be good for the physical health of Innu and
other northern peoples. The hunter-gatherer nutritional regime is the oldest human
diet and is well-suited to human physiologies (Eaton and Eaton, 1999, p449).

The decline in country food consumption

Country foods still remain a part of the diets of the Innu and other northern peoples.
Among the Cree, for example, 29 species of wildlife are still eaten, each with 2–11
edible parts, with fish and birds the most consumed in summer, and large and small
mammals the most important in winter (Delormier and Kuhnlein, 1999). During
summer, about half of the fat consumed by women comes from country foods, with
Canada goose the most important single source (14.3 per cent). In winter, though,
only one of the top 20 sources of fat was a country food (goose again), with the top
source now french fries (9.6 per cent of total fat). Among the Cree, Chipewyan and
Metis peoples around Buffalo National Park, Wein et al (1991) estimated that house-
holds ate country foods six times per week during the late 1980s.
Wagner’s (1986) study of ten reserve communities in Manitoba indicated that
the harvest size and diversity of country foods depended on the local availability of
wildlife habitats and cultural preferences. Harvests were greater in the more sparsely
populated northern communities. By comparing documented records for 1912–
1914, it was clear that consumption of country foods had declined (Table 4.3).

Table 4.3 Changes in annual household consumption of country foods between

1912–1914 and 1983–1984

Central Quebec 1912–1914

(numbers of each animal;

fish in kg)

Manitoba 1983–1984

(numbers of each animal;

fish in kg)

Changes

(%)

Moose

Caribou

Beaver

Muskrat

Black bear

Rabbit

Duck

Fish (kg)

0.8

2.5

94.3

70.5

4.5

5740

135

7215

0.54

0.07

5.6

23

0.03

3

15

78

–32.5

–97.3

–94.1

–67.4

–99.4

–99.9

–88.9

–98.9

Source: Wagner, 1986