Sustainable Agriculture and Food: Four volume set (Earthscan Reference Collections)

Table 20.2

(continued)

Meadows et al (1972)

Mesarovic and Pestel (1974)

Kahn, Brown and Martel (1976)

Goldsmith et al (1972)

LAWM

a^

Herrera et al (1976)

Leontief, Carter and Petri (1977)

USCEQ

b^

(1980)

Clark and Munn (1986)

Brown(1981)

Economic system and exchange

No-growth; services; human needs; planning implied; resource efficiency; balance of consumption/population; surplus for arts and leisure

Organic model; cooperation; planning implied; restrained growth in North

Growth for South to catch up; North model as universal; tech-nology, institutional, morale as key; eventual slowing of demand

Steady state; stock not flow resource efficiency; minimal disruption; local control; small scale; correspon-dence of economic/real costs/values

Scarcity = technopolity; human needs; socialist redistribution; social determi-nation of needs; planning; eventual slowing of growth; growth not answer

Develop under-used resources; NIEO

c to close

North–South gap; self-reliance; pollution abatement

Decelerating growth

More of the same

Steady state; intragenera-tional welfare; durability; high-tech, high design; resource efficiency; conserva-tion; labour-intensive; generaliza-tion

Techno-logy

Not cause or solution; useful technofaith as diversion; shape by social need/priority

Not cause or solution; useful; restrain by social concerns

Good to control nature; main human resource; Faustian bargain

Incompatible with stability; anti-ecological – simplifies complexity; hubris; increases vulnerability; should serve decentraliza-tion

Avert scarcity; prevent pollution; social control; progress essential

Narrow North–South gap; expand resource exploitation; pollution abatement

Solution available but politically constrained

Brings environ-mental changes, good and bad

Decentra-lized; soft-path renewables