Sustainable Agriculture and Food: Four volume set (Earthscan Reference Collections)

142 Agroecology and Sustainability

Pretty, 2003; Galaz, 2005). Challenges for the social sciences have been raised in
this context (e.g. Scoones, 1999; Abel and Stepp, 2003). Social sources of resil-
ience such as social capital (including trust and social networks) and social memory

Table 7.1 Social-ecological practices and mechanisms of local communities and

traditional societies in the case studies of the Berkes and Folke (1998) Linking Social

and Ecological Systems volume

1 Management practices based on ecological knowledge

• A Practices found in conventional resource management and in local and
  traditional societies
  
  
  • Monitoring resource abundance and change in ecosystems
  
  
  • Total protection of certain species
  
  
  • Protection of vulnerable life history stages
  
  
  • Protection of specific habitats
  
  
  • Temporal restrictions of harvest
  
  
  
  


• B Practices mainly found in local and traditional societies
  
  
  • Multiple species management
  
  
  • Maintaining ecosystem structure and function
  
  
  • Resource rotation
  
  
  • Succession management
  
  
  
  


• C Practices related to the dynamics of complex systems
  
  
  • Management of landscape patchiness
  
  
  • Watershed-based management
  
  
  • Managing ecological processes at multiple scales
  
  
  • Responding to and managing pulses and surprises
  
  
  • Nurturing sources of ecosystem renewal
    2 Social mechanisms behind management practices
  
  
  
  


• A Generation, accumulation and transmission of local ecological knowledge


• Reinterpreting signals for learning


• Revival of local knowledge


• Folklore and knowledge carriers


• Integration of knowledge


• Intergenerational transmission of knowledge


• Geographical diffusion of knowledge


• B Structure and dynamics of institutions


• Role of stewards/wise people


• Cross-scale institutions


• Community assessments


• Taboos and regulations


• Social and religious sanctions


• C Mechanisms for cultural internalization


• Rituals, ceremonies and other traditions


• Cultural frameworks for resource management


• D World view and cultural values


• A world view that provides appropriate environmental ethics


• Cultural values of respect, sharing, reciprocity and humility

Source: Adapted from Folke et al, 1998a.