A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

brought almost a third of all industry into public ownership. (Less than 20 per cent had been in public ownership before 1982.) ...

right, to form a government. Chirac did not have an easy task, forever looking over his shoulder at the Giscard party in the Nat ...

beset by a political malaise. The Socialist Party suffered from the deepening unpopularity of the president, though he had long ...

protect social welfare payments – all without increasing taxes – were too good to be true. And so it turned out. But it was his ...

the Trotskyists while a young politician came to light. His education was solid, a graduate of the prestigious École Nationale d ...

American relations to its depths. It is, however, no tenable long-term strategy. The European Union cannot afford to continue an ...

In the European Community agreement on common goals has frequently been reached only after long-drawn-out negotiations and caref ...

reached. The European Commission of civil ser- vants under the president and his ‘Cabinet’ of sixteen nationally appointed commi ...

increase in the powers of the Commission or to support the closer political integration of the EC members. For her part, Thatche ...

economy to lift the country out of a deep reces- sion. Finland, also in recession in the early 1990s, found itself freed from it ...

became a full member in 1981. It had only recently returned to democracy after the collapse of the military junta in 1974. Altho ...

to power. The Cyprus question continued to disrupt its relations with Turkey. But as a member of the Community it had received a ...

During the three decades since the Second World War, Spain had begun to modernise both its agriculture and its industry. The pro ...

he is not a radical who will rock the economic boat which has given Spain sound growth (3.2 per cent annually) and halved unempl ...

majority. In March 2002, elections held prema- turely, gave the Social Democratic Party a narrow victory and to the leader of th ...

European Union remained frustratingly closed. Would progress at home continue to be stymied? In Turkey there was suddenly fresh ...

common currency. The Delors Plan of how to achieve a monetary union, endorsed by the leaders of the Community in 1989, gestated ...

1 Part XVIII GLOBAL CHANGE: FROM THE 20th TO THE 21st CENTURY ...

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In 1989, a wave of popular revolutions trans- formed Eastern and central Europe. Communism was swept away. The Soviet Union with ...