gap between the utopian aims of the League and
realistic national policies. Wilson rejected the
compromise of accepting Senate reservations to
the treaty and toured the country in September
1919 to appeal over the heads of the Senate to the
people. On his return to Washington, he suffered
a severe stroke. The chance of compromise with
the Senate was lost. The treaty without amend-
ments was lost twice when the Senate voted in
November 1919 and March 1920. But this did
not mean that the US was as yet ‘isolationist’. The
US would have joined the League with no more
1
PEACEMAKING IN AN UNSTABLE WORLD, 1918–23 125
Istanbul
Ankara Erzerum Batum Baku
Tabriz
Mosul Tehran
Baghdad
Smyrna
Rhodes (It.)
Cyprus (Br.)
SOVIET
UNION
Suez Canal
TURKEY
IRAN
C
A
S
P
IA
N
S
E
A
BLAC
K S
EA
Beirut Damascus
Alexandria
Cairo Basra
Medina
HEJAZ
ASIR
ERITREA
NAJD
Riyadh
Bahrain
Bander Abbas
R E D S E A
Muscat
Jidda
Mecca
YEMEN
TRANS-JORDAN
TRUCIAL
OMAN OMAN
ADEN
Sana British Protectorate
Aden
Jibuti
0 500 miles
0 500 km
R.N
ile
Brit
ish
Pro
tec
to
rat
es
Bri
tish
Pro
tec
tor
at
es
QATAR
KUWAIT
EGYPT
1922 Kingdom
PALESTINE
British
Mandate
LEBANON
ANGLO-EGYPTIAN
SUDAN
1899
SAUDI ARABIA
From 1926 Kingdom
IRAQ
British Mandate
1920–32
SYRIA
French
Mandate
1920
PE
RS
IA
NG
ULF
The Middle East,
