by Georges Dupeux, French Society, 1789–1970
(Methuen, 1976), a very useful survey with statistics. See
also W. L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic
(Pan, 1969); T. Zeldin, France, 1849–1945 (2 vols,
Oxford, 1979); and J. Néré, La Troisième République
(Oxford, 1967). A lucid one-volume survey with a good
bibliography is J. F. McMillan, Twentieth Century
France (Arnold, 1992). For a good social and economic
analysis, see C. Flockton and E. Kofman, France (Paul
Chapman, 1989). For France since the First World War,
a sound general treatment is H. Tint, France since 1918
(2nd edn, Batsford, 1980). M. Larkin, France since the
Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1986
(Oxford, 1988) covers the later years. J. F. McMillan,
Modern France 1880–2002 (Oxford University Press,
2003). J. P. Rioux, The Fourth Republic 1914–1958
(Cambridge University Press, 1987).
Germany
There are a number of excellent one-volume histories,
including W. Carr, A History of Germany, 1815–1990
(4th edn, Arnold 1991) and Hajo Holborn, A History of
Modern Germany(Knopf, 1969). G. Mann, The History
of Germany since 1789 (Penguin, 1974) offers a per-
sonal and stimulating view. A well-written survey paying
attention to the ‘moods’ of different periods is Gordon
A. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945(Oxford, 1978). A
critical analytical study is V. R. Berghahn, Modern
Germany: Society, Economy and Politics in the Twentieth
Century* (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1988). H. Ashby
Turner, Germany from Partition to Reunification(Yale
University Press, 1992). T. Prittie, The Velvet
Chancellors: A History of Postwar Germany(Muller,
1979). Mary Fulbrook, A Concise History of Germany
(Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Italy
D. Mack Smith, Italy: A Modern History(revised edn,
Michigan, 1969); C. J. Lowe and F. Marzari, Italian
Foreign Policy, 1870–1940(Routledge, 1975); S. B.
Clough, Economic History of Modern Italy(Columbia,
1968); A. C. Jemolo, Church and State in Italy,
1850–1950(Blackwell, 1960); R. A. Webster, Christian
Democracy in Italy, 1860–1960(Hollis & Carter, 1961);
C. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism,
1870–1925(Methuen, 1967). In addition there are
a number of excellent one-volume histories to choose
from: P. Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy:
Society and Politics, 1943–1988 (Penguin, 1990); N.
Kogan, A Political History of Postwar Italy (Praeger,
1983); M. Clark, Modern Italy, 1871–1982 (Longman,
1985); and H. Hearder, Italy: A Short History
(Cambridge, 1990).
Britain
There are some very good general histories; among
the older, C. L. Mowat, Britain between the Wars*
(Methuen, 1968) has stood the test of time well. For a
comprehensive account, among the most reliable and
perceptive is W. N. Medlicott, Contemporary England,
1914–74* (Longman, 1976). A. J. P. Taylor, English
History, 1914–45* (Oxford, 1965) is stimulating. A
good recent account is T. O. Lloyd, Empire to Welfare
State: English History, 1906–92* (4th edn, Oxford,
1992); see also W. N. Medlicott, British Foreign Policy
since Versailles, 1919–63* (2nd edn, Methuen, 1968).
For brief and perceptive accounts, see D. Thomson,
England in the Twentieth Century* (Penguin, 1965)
and H. Pelling, Modern Britain, 1885–1955(Nelson,
1960). A fresh approach is offered in A. Marwick,
Britain in the Century of Total War* (Penguin, 1971),
The best survey of Britain and her Commonwealth is
W. D. McIntyre, The Commonwealth of Nations: Origins
and Impact, 1869–1971(Minnesota, 1977). R. R.
James, The British Revolution: British Politics, 1880–
1939 * (Methuen, 1978) is very good. For the period
before 1915 there is an outstandingly good paperback,
R. Shannon, The Crisis of Imperialism, 1865–1915*
(Paladin, 1976). For post-1945 Britain there are two
excellent one-volume histories, K. O. Morgan, Britain
Since 1945: The People’s Peace(Oxford University Press,
2001) and A. Sked and C. Cook, Post-War Britain: A
Political History, 1945–1992* (4th edn, Penguin,
1993).Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union
A good recent survey is J. N. Westwood, Endurance and
Endeavour: Russian History, 1812–1992* (Oxford, For
the last decades of Tsarist Russia, see L. Kochan, Russia
in Revolution* (Paladin, 1970). An invaluable analysis
of Tsarist society is R. Pipes, Russia under the Old
Regime* (Penguin, 1977). M. T. Florinsky, The End
of the Russian Empire* (Collier-Macmillan, 1961); B.
Dmytryshyn, USSR: A Concise History* (3rd edn,
Scribner, 1978); and M. McAuley, Soviet Politics,
1917–1991* (Oxford, 1992) are also useful. A good sur-
vey that takes the collapse of the USSR into account is
G. Hosking, A History of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991*
(HarperCollins, 1992). The history of the freed Baltic
nations can be studied in J. Hiden, The Baltic Nations
and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the
Twentieth Century* (Longman, 1991).Habsburg Empire and Austria
C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969) is probably the best
general survey in any language. For a good study in
German, see E. Zöllner, Geschichte Österreichs(4th edn,
Munich, 1970). See also A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg
Monarchy, 1815–1918* (Penguin, 1964); A. J. May, The
Habsburg Monarchy, 1867–1914(Cambridge, Mass.,
1951); R. Kann, The Multinational Empire(2 vols,
Columbia, 1964). For the history of the Austrian repub-
lic, Karl R. Stadler, Austria(Benn, 1971) is sympathetic
and outstanding.