Chapter 3: Diagnosis and Treatment
For information on the development of the Pap smear, see G. N. Papanicolaou and H. F.
Traut, “Diagnostic Value of Vaginal Smears in Carcinoma of Uterus,” American Journal of Ob-
stetrics and Gynecology 42 (1941), and “Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer by the Vaginal Smear,”
by George Papanicolaou and H. Traut (1943).
Richard TeLinde’s research on carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma, and his concern
about unnecessary hysterectomies, is documented in many papers, including “Hysterectomy:
Present-Day Indications,“ JMSMS (July 1949); G. A. Gavin, H. W. Jones, and R. W TeLinde,
“Clinical Relationship of Carcinoma in Situ and Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix,“ Journal of
the American Medical Association 149, no. 8 (June 2, 1952); R. W TeLinde, H. W. Jones and
G. A. Gavin, “What Are the Earliest Endometrial Changes to Justify a Diagnosis of Endometri-
al Cancer?” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 66, no. 5 (November 1953); and
TeLinde, “Carcinoma in Situ of the Cervix,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 1 (January
1953); also the biog raphy Rich ard Wesley TeLinde, by Howard W. Jones, Georgeanna
Jones, and William E. Ticknor.
For information on the history of radium and its use as a cancer treatment, see The First
100 Years; the website of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency at
epa.gov/iris/subst/0295.htm; D. J. DiSantis and D. M. DiSantis, “Radiologic History Exhibit:
Wrong Turns on Radiology’s Road of Progress,” Radiographics 11 (1991); and Multiple Ex-
posures: Chronicles of the Radiation Age, by Catherine Caufield.
Sources on the standard treatment regimen for cervical cancer in the 1950s include A.
Brunschwig, “The Operative Treatment of Carcinoma of the Cervix: Radical Panhysterectomy
with Pelvic Lymph Node Excision,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 61, no. 6
(June 1951); R. W Green, “Carcinoma of the Cervix: Surgical Treatment (A Review),” Journal
of the Maine Medical Association 42, no. 11 (November 1952); R. T Schmidt,
“Panhysterectomy in the Treatment of Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix: Evaluation of Res-
ults,“ JAMA 146, no. 14 (August 4, 1951); and S. B. Gus-berg and J. A. Corscaden, “The
Pathology and Treatment of Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix,” Cancer 4, no. 5 (September
1951).
Growth of the L-cell (the first immortal cell line, grown from a mouse) was documented in
W R. Earle et al., “Production of Malignancy in Vitro. IV. The Mouse Fibroblast Cultures and
Changes Seen in Living Cells,” Journal of the NCI 4 (1943).