The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

as is George J. Annas and Michael A. Grodin’s The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code:
Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Both were important sources for this chapter. For
the history of experimentation on prisoners, see Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at
Holmesburg Prison, by Allen Hornblum, who interviewed Southam before he died, and kindly
shared information from those interviews with me.
For further reading in the history of bioethics, including the changes that followed the
Southam controversy, see Albert R. Jonsen’s The Birth of Bioethics; David J. Rothman’s
Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision
Making; George J. Annas’s Informed Consent to Human Experimentation: The Subject’s Di
lemma; M. S. Frankel, “The Development of Policy Guidelines Governing Human Experiment-
ation in the United States: A Case Study of Public Policy-making for Science and Techno-
logy,” Ethics in Science and Medicine 2, no. 48 (1975); and R. B. Livingston, “Progress Re-
port on Survey of Moral and Ethical Aspects of Clinical Investigation: Memorandum to Direct-
or, NIH” (November 4, 1964).
For the definitive history of informed consent, see Ruth Faden and Tom Beauchamp’s A
History and Theory of Informed Consent. For the first court case mentioning “informed con-
sent,” see Salgo v. Leland Stanford Jr. University Board of Trustees (Civ. No. 17045. First
Dist., Div. One, 1957).