vidual who practices it does not have a desire to become a member of the oppo-
site sex.
Voyeurismis characterized by using a visual stimulus as a primary way to
induce sexual excitement. Examples of visual stimuli include a photograph, a
videotape, or an actual person. A common practice is to masturbate in association
with the stimulus. If a partner is present, masturbation may take the place of sex-
ual intercourse. A certain amount of gratification in connection with looking is
standard sexual practice. However, if an individual usually prefers visual stimula-
tion over physical contact, then the individual is manifesting voyeurism. Secret
viewing is frequently a component of voyeurism.
A number of factors enter into explanations of the various kinds of sexual
variance. These include the kind of biological and psychosocial factors earlier
identified in connection with the sexual dysfunctions. There is no one general
explanation for a particular individual’s sexual variance. A general factor, or a set
of general factors, has to be combined with the person’s particular learning his-
tory. Individual differences in behavior are just that, individual.(a) is characterized by dressing in the clothing of the opposite sex.(b) is characterized by using a visual stimulus as a primary way to induce sex-
ual excitement.Answers: (a) Transvestic fetishism (transvestism); (b) Voyeurism.Homosexual behavior is no longer listed as a kind of sexual variance or para-
philia. In older editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic
manual, it was listed. In the current manual, it is not.
Homosexual behavioris characterized by sexual relations with a member of
the same sex. The term can be applied to both male and female behavior. How-
ever, lesbianismrefers exclusively to female homosexual behavior. (The term is
derived from Lesbos, a Greek island. It is legend that in the sixth century B.C. the
writer Sappho and her followers, residents of the island, practiced homosexual
behavior.)
Conservative estimates suggest that about 4 percent of males and about 2 per-
cent of females are exclusively homosexual. A much larger percentage have had an
occasional homosexual experience.(a) behavior is characterized by sexual relations with a member of the same
sex.(b) refers exclusively to female homosexual behavior.Answers: (a) Homosexual; (b) Lesbianism.184 PSYCHOLOGY