punishing, and tend to seek opportunities for others to be abusive to them. It is clear
that in some cases identification with this archetype can have adverse consequences.
One of the important archetypes is the Self.If an individual tends to iden-
tify his her or ego with the Self, then that person will take a life pathway of per-
sonal discovery. Life will have a sense of purpose or mission. If successful, toward
the end of life the individual will feel fulfilled, complete. Jung called this process
self-realization,and it anticipated Maslow’s concept of self-actualization (see
chapter 7).
The notion of a collective unconscious mind is controversial. The belief that
there can be inherited memories tends to be rejected by American psychology.
Nonetheless, a number of personality theorists and psychotherapists have found it
useful to think in terms of archetypes. Jung’s concept of the collective uncon-
scious mind is not dead in American psychology. However, it has been relegated
to a borderline status.(a) If an individual tends to identify his or her ego with the , then that person
will take a life pathway of personal discovery.(b) If an individual tends to identify his or her ego with the , then that person
will be self-sacrificing.
(c) The existence of the collective unconscious is.Answers: (a) Self; (b) Martyr; (c) controversial.Alfred Adler (1870–1937), like Jung, was one of Freud’s early coworkers.
Both Freud and Adler lived in Vienna. Adler was working as an ophthalmologist
when he read Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams.Inspired by Freud’s book, he
contacted Freud, and became a psychoanalyst. Eventually Adler broke with Freud
and followed his own theoretical inclinations.
One of the main causes of the break with Freud was Adler’s insistence that the
will to power is just as influential in psychological development as the sexual drive.
The will to poweris an inborn drive to become effective and competent. (Adler
obtained the concept of the will to power from the teachings of the philosopher
Friedrich Nietzsche.) If the will to power is frustrated, as it often is, this sets up
the conditions for an inferiority complex. An inferiority complexis a group of
related ideas that may or may not be realistic about the self. An inferiority com-
plex tends to contribute to feelings of inadequacy, incompetence, depression, anx-
iety, and chronic anger.
In order to cope with an inferiority complex, the individual often uses an ego
defense mechanism calledcompensation.Compensation, as defined by Adler, is the
capacity of the personality to convert a psychological minus into a sort of plus. For
example, twenty-four-year-old Julian is five feet four inches tall. He has an inferior-
ity complex about his stature. He was a champion runner in high school. He volun-Personality: Psychological Factors That Make You an Individual 201