observation
inductive reasoning, 128–129
naturalistic, research methods, 20
psychology definition, 2
observational learning
consciousness, 81
personality formation, 204
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD), anxiety disorders,
217
obsessive-compulsive personality dis-
order, 223
Oedipus complex
neo-Freudians, 202
psychosexual development, 159,
160
olfaction, 52–53
olfactory epithelium, 53
one-sided argument, persuasion, 253
operant conditioning
learning, 77–81
personality formation, 203
operational definition, experimental
method, 26
optic nerve, vision, 48
optimism
positive mood, 220
sanguine personality, 193
oral stage, psychosexual develop-
ment, 158
order, need for, acquired motives, 96
organic mental disorders, abnormal
psychology, 224–225
organisms
biological viewpoint, 9
psychology definition, 2
orgasm
female orgasmic disorder, 178
male orgasmic disorder, 179
multiple, 177
sexual response cycle, 176
originality, creative thinking,
131–133, 133
out-of-body experience, dissociative
disorders, 220
outside criterion, intelligence testing,
146
oval window, hearing, 50
ovaries, function of, 41
overgeneralization (hasty generaliza-
tion), logical thinking, 130ovum, reproductive biology, 155
oxygen hunger, biological drives,
92–93pain
biological drives, 92–93
touch sensation, 52
pain disorder, abnormal psychology,
218
paleological thought (predicate
thinking), logical thinking,
129
pancreas gland, function of, 41
paranoia
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI), 208
psychotic disorders, 222–223
paranoid type schizophrenia, psy-
chotic disorders, 222
paraphilias, sexual variance, 181–184
parapsychology, extrasensory percep-
tion, 68
parasympathetic division, autonomic
nervous system, function of,
34–35
parental style, developmental psy-
chology, 168–170
partial reinforcement effect, operant
conditioning, 80
Pasteur, Louis, scientific method, 19
pathological shyness, anxiety disor-
ders, 217
pathology, sexual variance, 181
patterns, Gestalt psychology, 6–7
Pavlov, Ivan, 12, 74, 75, 237
peak experiences, hierarchy of needs,
101
Pearson, Karl, correlational method,
24
pederasty, sexual variance, 182
pedophilia, sexual variance, 182
penis, sexual response cycle, 176
perception, 57–71
autokinetic effect, 255
cerebral cortex, 37
consciousness, 46
defined, 58
depth, 65–66
experimental psychology, 12
extrasensory, 66–69
Gestalt laws, 59–61Gestalt psychology, 6
hallucination, psychotic disorders,
222
illusions, 62–65
interpersonal attraction, 249
learning, aspects of, 61–62
psychology definition, 3
structuralism, 4–5
performance intelligence, testing,
142
performance method, intelligence
testing, 140
peripheral nervous system, function
of, 34
periphery, vision, 48
permissive style, parental style, 168
personality, 191–211. See alsotraits
behavior and, 192–193
conscious individual, 204–205
defined, 192
Freudian theory, 196–200
learned aspects of, 203–204
neo-Freudians, 200–202
traits, 193–196
personality disorders
abnormal psychology, 223–224
mental disorder classification, 216
personality tests, 205–208. See also
psychological testing
defined, 205
Minnesota Multiphasic Personal-
ity Inventory (MMPI),
207–208
Rorschach test, 205–206
Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT), 206
personality traits. Seetraits
persuasion, social psychology,
252–254
pessimism, negative mood, 220
phallic stage, psychosexual develop-
ment, 158
pharmacology
dopamine, 32–33
drug therapy, 233, 241–243
psychiatry, 12
selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs), 32
serotonin, 9
phase sequence, perception, 62
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