The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History

“Declines in Woodland Salamander Abundance Associated with Non-Native Earthworm and Plant
Invasions,” Conservation Biology 23 (2009): 975–81.
To dispose of the toads humanely: “Operation Toad Day Out: Tip Sheet,” Townsville City
Council,
http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/resident/pests/Documents/TDO%202012_Tip%20Sheet.pdf.
A recent study of visitors to Antarctica: Steven L. Chown et al., “Continent-wide Risk
Assessment for the Establishment of Nonindigenous Species in Antarctica,” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 109 (2012): 4938–43.
“arguably the most successful invader”: Alan Burdick, Out of Eden: An Odyssey of Ecological
Invasion (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 29.
By the time humans pushed into North America: Jennifer A. Leonard et al., “Ancient DNA
Evidence for Old World Origin of New World Dogs,” Science 298 (2002): 1613–16.
“the introduction and acclimatization”: Quoted in Kim Todd, Tinkering with Eden: A Natural
History of Exotics in America (New York: Norton, 2001), 137–38.
According to the entry on pets: Peter T. Jenkins, “Pet Trade,” in Encyclopedia of Biological
Invasions, edited by Daniel Simberloff and Marcel Rejmánek (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2011), 539–43.
A recent study of non-indigenous species: Gregory M. Ruiz et al., “Invasion of Coastal
Marine Communities of North America: Apparent Patterns, Processes, and Biases,” Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics 31 (2000): 481–531.
For comparison’s sake: Van Driesche and Van Driesche, Nature out of Place, 46.
“If we look far enough ahead”: Elton, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants, 50–51.
In the case of terrestrial mammals: James H. Brown, Macroecology (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1995), 220.
CHAPTER XI: THE RHINO GETS AN ULTRASOUND
Genetic analysis has shown: Ludovic Orlando et al., “Ancient DNA Analysis Reveals Woolly
Rhino Evolutionary Relationships,” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (2003): 485–99.
a “living fossil”: E. O. Wilson, The Future of Life (2002; reprint, New York: Vintage, 2003), 80.
Rhino horns ... in recent years have become even more sought-after: Adam Welz, “The
Dirty War Against Africa’s Remaining Rhinos,” e360, published online Nov. 27, 2012.
the population of African forest elephants: Fiona Maisels et al., “Devastating Decline of
Forest Elephants in Central Africa,” PLOS ONE 8 (2013).
as Tom Lovejoy has put it: Thomas Lovejoy, “A Tsunami of Extinction,” Scientific American,
Dec. 2012, 33–34.
“It shows us what the world might”: Tim F. Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History
of the Australasian Lands and People (New York: G. Braziller, 1995), 55.
the females were almost twice as giant: Valérie A. Olson and Samuel T. Turvey, “The