Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology

102 CHONG ET AL.

TABLE 3

Continued

Pretreatment

Stratification (months)

Plant

Collection

Warm

Cold

Species

type

date

Storage

Scarification

(20–30

C)

(1–5

C)

Remarks

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Virginia creeperVitaceae

Paulownia tomentosa

Empress treeBignoniaceae

Phellodendron amurense

Amur corktreeRutaceae

Picea abiesP. engelmanniP. glaucaP. omorikaP. pungensP. sitchensis

SprucePinaceae

Pinus cembraP. densifloraP. mugoP. nigraP. parvifloraP. resinosaP. strobus

DV DT DT ETETETETETET ETETESETETETET

Sept.–winterSept.–Oct. Sept.–Nov.Sept.–Nov.Sept.–Oct.Sept.Oct.FallOct.–spring Aug.–Oct.Aug.–Oct.Oct.–Dec.Sept.–Nov.Sept.–Nov.Aug.–Nov.Aug.–Sept.

2 

years at1–5°C

Dry until sowing5–20 years at

1–5

C and

4–8% moisturecontent

1 

years

2–5^510

 3010

For those

requiringstratificationfirst soak inwater for 1–2days

2

2 (only for

storedseed)NoneNoneNoneNoneNoneNone 3–40–1None0–2

3 22

Collect fruits when bluish

black in color. Macerate toremove pulp. Collect fruitsbefore they open andseeds are naturallydispersed. Nopretreatment required.Light required forgermination.

Macerate fruit to remove

pulp. No pretreatmentnecessary for fresh seeds.

Collect cones before they

shatter. Generally nopretreatment required sofall sowing is notrecommended. Coldstratification of 1 monthmay hasten and unifygermination, which takesplace following springsowing.

See note 4.Seed provenance is an

important consideration tofuture survival and growthcharacteristics. Collectcones of most species assoon as ripened andstarting to crack open;otherwise seeds will bedispersed.