Whereas seeds of most domesticated plants are selected for ease and predictability of germination,
the germination requirements of wild species, or those closer to their wild ancestry, appear to be more
clued to ecological and environmental influences. Because of the complex interactions of the preharvest
and postharvest history of seeds and of the large number of seeds for which germination requirements are
unknown or not fully characterized, germination studies will continue to challenge plant breeders and
propagators.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We appreciate the review of this chapter by Dr. Thomas D. Smith, Department of Plant Science, Nova
Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, Canada.
REFERENCES
- C Chong. In: BR Christie, ed. Plant propagation. Vol I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1987, p 91.
- B Macdonald. Practical Woody Plant Propagation for Nursery Growers. Vol I. Portland, OR: Timber Press,
1986. - HL Wick, GA Walters. Albizia. Agriculture Handbook No 450. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service, 1974,
p 203. - SL Krugman, JL Jenkinson. Pinus. Agriculture Handbook No 450. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service,
1974, p 598. - KA Brinkman, HM Phipps. Lindera. Agriculture Handbook No 450. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service,
1974, p 503. - DF Olson, WJ Gabriel. Acer. Agriculture Handbook No 450. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service, 1974,
p 187. - What You Should Know About Seeds. Ontario Factsheet AGDEX 500/010. Ontario: Ontario Ministry of
Agriculture and Food, 1987. - HT Hartmann, DE Kester, FT Davies, RL Geneva. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. 6th ed. Engle-
wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997. - J Bewley, M Black. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. New York: Plenum, 1985.
- Y Liu. Hormones and Tomato Seed Germination. PhD thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Nether-
lands, 1996. - DT Bell, JA Plummer, SK Taylor. Bot Rev 59: 24, 1993.
- RP Poincelot. Horticulture: Principles and Practical Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
- WG Hopkins. Introduction to Plant Physiology. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
- H Borthwick, S Hendricks, M Parker, E Toole, V Toole. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 38:662, 1952.
- A Taylorson, H Borthwick. Weed Sci 17:48, 1969.
- B Cumming. Can J Bot 41:1211, 1963.
- S Hendricks, R Taylorson. Nature 237:167, 1972.
- JL Farrar. Trees in Canada. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited, 1995.
- GP Steinbauer. Plant Physiol 12:813, 1937.
- BM Pollock, VK Toole. After Ripening, Rest Period, and Dormancy. USDA Yearbook of Agriculture.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1961, p 106. - NC Deno. Am Nurs 179(12):42, 1994.
- NC Deno. Seed Germination Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. 139 Lenor Drive, State College, PA, 1993.
- JP Mahlstede, ES Haber. Plant Propagation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1957.
- RL Geneve. Seed Technol 20:236, 1998.
- MA Dirr, CW Heuser Jr. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Athens, GA: Varsity Press, 1987.
- PO Rudolf. Collecting and Handling Seeds of Forest Trees. USDA Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office, 1961, p 221. - Seed and Plant Cultural Guide. St. Catharines, Ontario: Jack Van Klaveren Ltd, 1989.
- AM Armitage. Herbaceous Perennial Plants. Athens, GA: Varsity Press, 1989.
- V Ball, ed. Ball Red Book. 14th ed. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co, 1986.
- J Bennett, T Forsyth. The Harrowsmith Annual Garden. Ontario: Camden House Publishing, 1990.
- B Ferguson, ed. Color with Annuals. San Ramon, CA: Ortho Books, Chevron Chemical Co, 1987.
- L Jelitto, W Schacht. Hardy Herbaceous Perennials. Vols I and II. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1990.
- HR Phillips. Growing and Propagating Wildflowers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
- HK Tayama, TJ Roll, eds. Tips on Growing Bedding Plants. Bulletin FP-763, Ohio Cooperative Extension
Service 1989. - MA Dirr. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, rev. Champaign, IL: Stepes Publishing, 1977.
- JA Young, CG Young. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press, 1992.
114 CHONG ET AL.