duction of competence for elicitation of defense responses in cucumber hypocotyls, suggesting the need
to regulate the amount of time a particular transcription factor can be active.
V. SUMMARY
The protein synthetic responses of plants to environmental stresses are diverse, in many cases yielding a
specific set of proteins that presumably assist in ameliorating the stress. Ongoing research efforts will
continue to uncover previously unknown environmental stress response proteins or provide a better un-
derstanding of the proteins and signal transduction networks described in this chapter.
It is clear that plants employ extensive signal transduction pathways and that components of these
pathways may participate in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. For example, cyclic ADP-ribose ap-
pears to play a role not only in ABA signal transduction but also in nitric oxide signal transduction. Ethy-
lene response element binding proteins are important not only for ethylene-mediated responses, such as
aerenchyma formation, but also for some aspects of biotic stress responses. Phopholipase C appears to be
a common point for both ABA signaling and aerenchyma formation as well. JA and ABA have both syn-
ergistic and antagonistic effects, with an “interface” between wounding and salt stress [205]. Zhou et al.
[206] have demonstrated some degree of cross talk between the glucose and ethylene signal transduction
pathways, and Kovtun et al. [207] have shown that an oxidative stress–activated MAP kinase cascade
serves as a link between many abiotic stresses and auxin signal transduction. Ca^2 fluxes are documented
for most if not all of the signal transduction pathways [208]. An important question that will need to be
resolved is how the various signal transduction pathways are coordinated and how specificity is estab-
lished.
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